o. — f^ \^^/ \%#/^ VW.^ "^ ^. ^A >^ THE ^3a W NJ.£. ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIEH, PERPETUAL SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. THE CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES AND INSECTA, BY P. A. LATREILLE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL^iCADKMY ^F .SCIENCES, ETC. ETC. ETC. V FES 14 :ir 2 J rMf^kdk 'I TR ANSLATEB I?,^aM- THE FRENCH, WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY H. M'MURTRIE, M.D. &c. &c = IN FOUR VOLUMES, WITH PLATES. VOLUME II. NEW YORK : G. & C. & H. CARVILL MDCCCXXXI. Entered according to the act of congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and r G. & C. & H. Carvill, in the clerk's office ol the southern district of thirty-one, by New York Pliiiadelphia : Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co. Printers to the American Philosophical Society. No. 4, Minor Street, Gll- SYSTEMATIC INDEX. EPTILIA CHELONIA 1 4 Testudo 6 Testudo proper 6 Emys 7 Cistuda 8 Chelomira 9 Chelonia 9 Sphargis 10 Chelys 11 Trionvx 11 SAURIA 12 CROCODILIDA 13 Crococlilus 13 Gavial 14 Crocodilus proper 15 Alligator 16 LACERTINIDA 18 Monitor 18 Monitor proper 18 Crocodilurus 20 Saiivegardes 20 ' Ameiva 21 Lacerta 22 Algyra 23 Tuchydromus 23 IGUANIDA 23 Agamiua 23 Stellio 24 Cordyhis 24 Stellio proper 25 Doryphorus 25 Uromastix 25 Agama 26 Agama proper 26 Tapayes 27 Trapelus 28 Leiolepis 28 Tropidolepis 28 Leposoma 28 j^ Calotes 28 Lophyrus 29 Gonocephalus 30 Lyriocephalus 30 Brachylophus 30 Vol. II.— (2) Physignathus 31 Istiurus 31 Draco 31 Sitana 32 Pterodactylus 32 Igttanida proper 32 Iguana 33 Ophryessa 34 Basiliscus 35 Polychrus 35 Echphimotus 35 Oplurus • 35 Anolius 36 GECKOTIDA 38 Gecko 38 Platydactylus 39 Hemidactylus 41 Thecadactylus 41 Ptyodactylus 42 Sphseriodactylus 43 Stenodactylus 43 Gymnodactylus 43 Phyllurus 43 CHAMtELEONIDA 44 Chamaeleo 44 SCINCOIDEA 46 Scincus 46 Tiliqua 47 Seps 48 Bipes 49 Chalcides 50 Chirotes 50 OPHIDIA 52 Anguina 52 Anguis 52 Pseudopus 52 Ophisaurus 53 Anguis proper 53 Acontias 54 Serpentia 54 mphisbaense 55 Amphisbaena 55 VI SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Leposternon 55 Typhlops 56 Serpentes proper 56 Non-venomous 57 Tortrix 57 Uropeltis 58 Boa 58 Scytalc 60 Erix 60 Erpeton 60 Coluber 61 Python 61 Cerberus 61 Xenopeltis 62 Heterodon 62 HuHa 62 Dipsas 62 Dendropliis 63 Dryinus 63 Dryophis 63 Oligodon 63 Coluber proper 63 Acrochordus 65 Venomous, with simple fangs 65 Crotalus 66 Trigonocepludus 67 Vipera 68 Naia 70 Elaps 71 Micrurus 71 Platurus 71 Trimeresurus 72 Oplocephalus 72 Acanthophis 72 Echis 72 Lang'aha 72 Venomous, with fangs Sc other teeth 72 Bungarus 73 Hydrus 73 Hydrophis 73 Pelamis 73 Chersydrus 74 NuDA 74 Caecilia 74 BATRACHIA 76 Rana 77 Rana proper 78 Ceratophris 80 Dactylethra 80 Hyla 80 Bufo 81 Bombinator 83 Rhinellus 84 Otilophis 84 Breviceps 84 Pipa 84 Salamandra 85 Salamandra proper 85 Triton Menopoma Amphiuma Axolotus Menobranchus Proteus Siren PISCES ACANTHOPTERYGII PERCOIDKS With thoracic ventrals. Seven branchial rays, t^ dorsals. Perca Labrax Lates Centropomus Grammistcs Aspro Huro Etelis Niphon Enoplosus Diploprion Apogon Cheilodipterus Pomatomus Ambassis Lucio-Perca With a single dorsal, two canine teeth. Serranus « Serranus proper Anthias Merra Plectropoma Diacope Mesoprion With a single dorsal, teeth small and crowded. Acerina Rypticus Polyprion Centropristis Gristes With less than seven branchial branches. A single dorsal, two canine teeth. Cirrhites A single dorsal, teeth small and crowded. Chironemus Pomotis 86 88 88 89 89 89 90 91 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 102 102 102 103 103 105 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 107 108 108 ^ SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Vll Ccntrarclius Priacaiilhus Dules Thcru])ot» Datnia Pelates Helotes With two dorsals, 'i'richodon Silhigo With more than seven branchial rays. Holoccnltum Myripristis Bcryx Trachicthys With jugular ventrals. Trachinus Percis Pinguipes Percophis Uranoscopus With abdominal ventrals. Polynemus Sphyroena Paralepis Mull us MuUus proper Upeneus buccjE loricate Trigla Trigla proper Prionotiis Peristedion Dactylopterus Cephalacanthus Cottus Cottus proper Aspidopliorus Hemitripterus Hemilepidotus Platycephalus Scorpaena Scorpaena proper Tjenianotes Sebastes Pterois Blepsias Apistus Agriopus Pelor Synanceia Monocentris Gasterosteus Oreosoraa 108 108 108 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 111 HI 111 111 112 112 113 113 113 114 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 118 118 118 119 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 122 122 122 122 122 123 123 124 124 124 125 125 SCiliNOIDES 126 With two dorsals. Scisena 126 Sciaena proper 126 Otolithus 127 Ancylodon 127 Corvina 127 Johnius 127 Umbrina 128 Pogonias 128 Eques 129 With one dorsal, seven bran- chial rays. Plaemulon 129 Pristipoma 129 Diagramma 130 Less than seven branchial rays, and the lateral line continuous. Lobotes 130 Cheilodactylus 130 Scolopsides 131 Micropterus 131 Less than seven branchial rays, and the lateral line interrupted. Amphiprion 131 Premnas 132 Pomacentrus 132 Dascyllus 132 Glyphisodon 132 Heliasus 132 SPAROIDES 133 Sparus 133 Sargus 133 Chrysophris 134 Pagrus 134 Pagelus 135 Dentex 135 Pentapoda 136 Lethrinus 136 Boop's 136 Oblada 136 M^NIDES 137 Maena 137 Smaris 138 Caesio 138 Gerres 138 SQUAMIPENNES 138 Chsetodon 139 Chaetodon proper 139 Chelmon 140 Heniochus 140 Ephippus 140 Taurichtes 141 Vlll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Holacanthus 141 Pomacanthus 141 Platax 142 Psettus 142 Pimelepterus 142 Dipterodon 143 Brama 143 Fempheris 143 Toxotes 144 SCOMBEROIDES 144 Scomber 144 Scomber proper 145 Thynnus 145 Orcynus 146 Auxis 146 Sarda 146 Cybium 147 Thyrsites 147 Gernpylus 147 Xiphias 147 Xiphias proper 148 Tetrap turns 148 Makaira 148 Istiophorus 149 Centronotus 149 Naucrates 149 Elacates 149 Lichia 150 Trachinotus 150 Rhynchobdella 150 Macrognathus 151 Mastacembelus 151 Notacanthus 151 Seriola 151 Nomeus 152 Temnodon 152 Caranx 152 Carangue 153 Citula 154 Vomer 154 Olistus 154 Scyris 154 Blepharis 154 Gallus 154 Argyreiosus 155 Vomer proper 155 Zeus 155 Zeus proper 155 Capros 155 Lampris 156 Equula 156 Mene 156 Stromateus 157 Pamples 157 Peprilus 157 Luvarus 157 Seserinus 158 Kurtus 158 Corypliaena Coryphsena proper Caranxomorus Centrolophus Astrodermus Pteraclis TjENIOIDES The snout elongated, teeth strong. Lepidopus Trichiurus The snout short, mouth small. Gymnetrus Stylephorus The snout short, mouth cleft, head obtuse. Cepola Lophotes THEUTYES Siganus Acanthurus Prionurus Naseus Axinurus Priodon LABYKINTHIFORM PHA IIYNGEALS Anabas Polyacanlhus Macropodius Helostoma Osphromenus Trichopodus Spirobranchus Ophicephalus MUGILOIDES Mugil Tetragonurus Atherina G015I0IDES Blennius Blennius proper Pholis Myxodes S alar is Clinus Cirrhibarba Murdjenoides Opistognathus Zoarcus Anarrhichas Gobius Gobius proper Gobioides Tjenioides 158 159 159 159 159 160 160 160 161 161 163 163 163 164 164 165 165 165 166 166 166 166 167 167 167 168 168 168 169 169 170 171 172 173 173 174 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 177 \77 178 179 179 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX Periopthalmus 180 i Psecilia 205 Eleotris 180 1 Lebias 206 Callionymus 181 Fundulus 206 Trichonotus 182 Molinesia 206 Comephorus 182 Cyprinidon 206 Platypterus 182 ESOCES 206 Chirus 183 Esox 207 PECTORALES PEDICU- Esox proper 207 LATI 183 Galaxias 207 Lophius 183 Alepocepbalus 208 Microstoma 208 Lophius proper 184 Slomias 208 Chironectes Malthe Batrachus 184 185 185 Chauliodus Salanx Belone 203 209 209 LABROIDES 186 Scomberesox 209 Labrus 187 Hemiramphus 210 Labrus proper 187 Exocetus 210 Cheilinus Lachnolaimus Julis 188 188 189 Mormyrus SILURU)^ 212 213 Anampses 190 Silurus 213 Crenilabrus 190 Silurus proper 214 Coricus 191 Schilbe 214 Epibulus Clepticus 191 191 Mystus Pimelodus 215 215 Gomphosus Xirichthys 192 192 Bagrus Pimelodus proper 215 216 Chromis 193 Synodontis 217 Cychla 193 Ageniosus 217 Plesiops 194 Doras 217 Malacanthus 194 Heterobranchus 218 Scarus 194 Macropteronotes 218 Calliodon Odax 195 195 Plotosus Callichthys 219 219 FISTULARID^ 195 Malapterurus 219 Fistularia 196 Platyslacus 220 Fistularla proper 196 Loricaria 221 Aulostomus 196 Hypostomus 221 Centriscus 197 Loricaria proper 221 Centriscus propei • 197 SALMONIDES 222 Amphisile 197 Salmo 222 MALACOPTERYGII AB- Salmo proper 222 DOMINALES CYPRINID^ Cyprinus 198 198 198 Osmerus Mullotus Thymallus Coregonus 224 225 225 225 Cyprinus proper 199 Argentina Characinus 226 Barbus 200 227 Gobio 201 Curimata 227 Tinea 201 Anostomus 228 Cirrhinus 201 Gasteropelecus 228 Abramis 201 Piabucus 228 Labeo 202 Serrasalmus 228 Catostomus 202 Tetragonopteriis 228 Leuciscus 202 Chalceus 229 Chela 203 Myletes 229 Gonoi-hynchus 203 Hydrocyon 229 Cobitis 204 Citharinus 230 Anableps 205 Saurub 231 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Scopelus 232 Aulopus 232 Sternoptyx 233 CLUPE^ 233 Clupea 233 Clupea proper 234 Alosa 235 Chatoessus 236 Odonlognathus 236 Prisligaster 237 Nolopterus 237 Engraulis 237 Thryssa 238 Megalops 238 Elops 238 Bulirinus 239 Chirocentrus 239 Hyodon 240 Erythrinus 240 Amia 241 Sudis 241 Osteoglossum 241 Lepisosteus 242 Polypterus 242 MALACOPTERYGII SUB . RACHIATI 243 GADITES 243 Gad us 243 Morrhua 244 Merlangus 245 Merluccius 245 Lota 245 Motella 246 Brosmius 246 Brotula 246 Phycis 247 Raniceps 247 Macrourus 247 PLANI 248 Pleuronecles 248 Platessa 249 Hippoglossus 250 Rhombus 250 Solea 252 Monochirus 252 Achirus 253 Plagiisia 253 DISCOBOLI 253 Lepadogaster 253 Lepadogaster pro- per 253 Gobiesox 254 ' Cyclopterus 254 Lumpus 254 Liparis 255 Echeneis 255 MALACOPTERYGII APODES 256 ANGUILLIFORMES 256 Muroena 256 Anguilla 257 Anguilla pro- per 257 Conger -?.57 Ophisurus 258 Muraena proper 259 Spagebranchus 260 Monopterus 260 Synbranchus 260 Alabes 261 Saccopharynx 261 Gynniotus 261 Gymnotus proper 262 Carapus 263 Sternarchus 263 Gymnarchus 263 Leptocephalus 264 Ophidium 264 Ophidium proper 264 Fierasfer 265 Ammodyies 265 LOPHOBRANCHII 266 Syngnathus 266 Syngnathus prope r 267 Hippocampus 267 Solenostomus 268 Pegasus 268 PLECTOGNATHI 268 GYMNODONTES 269 Diodon 270 Tetraodon 271 Cephalus 272 Triodon 273 SCLERODERMI 273 Balistes 273 Balistes proper 274 Monocanthus 275 Aluteres 275 Triacanthus 276 Ostracion 276 CHONDROPTERYGII 277 With free branchiae. STURIONES 278 Acipenser 278 Spatularia 280 Chimaera 280 Chimsera proper 281 Callorhynchus 281 With fixed branchiae. SELACHII 282 Squalus 283 Scyllium 283 Squalus proper 284 Carcharias 285 Lamna 286 Galeus 286 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI Mustelus 286 Helicostega 31? Notidanus 287 Helicostega Selacbe 287 nautiloidea 317 Cestracion 287 Helicostega Spmax 288 ammonoida 318 Centrina 288 Helicostega Scymnus 288 turbinoida 318 Zygaena Squatina Pristis 289 Stycostega 318 290 290 Enallostega Agathistega Entomostega 318 319 319 Raia 290 PTEROPODA 320 Rhinobatus 291 Clio 320 Rhlna Torpedo 291 292 Cymbulia 321 Raia proper 292 Pneumodermon 321 Try go n 294 Limacina 321 Anacanthus 294 Hyalea 322 Myliobatis 295 Cleodora 322 Rhinoptera 295 Cleodora proper Creseis 322 Cephaloptera 295 322 SUCTORII 296 Cuvieria 323 Petromyzon 297 Psyche ' 323 Myxine 298 Eurybia 323 Heptatremus 298 Pyrgo 323 Gastrobranchus 299 GASTEROPODA 324 PULMONEA 328 [OLLUSCA 303 PuLMONEA Tehhestria 329 Limax 329 CEPHALOPODA 306 Limax proper 329 Sepia 308 Arion 329 Octopus 309 Lima 330 Polypus of Vaginulus 330 Arist. 309 Testacella 331 Eledon of Parmacella 331 Arist. 309 Helix 331 Argonauta 309 Helix proper 331 Bellerophon 310 Vitrina 332 Loligo 310 Bulimus 333 Loligopsis 311 Bulimus pro- I.oligo prop ;r 311 per Onychotheuthis 311 Pupa 333 Sepiola 311 Chondrus 334 Chondrosepia 311 Succinea 334 Sepia proper 312 Clausilia 334 Nautilus 312 Achatina 335 Spirula 312 PuLMONEA AaUATICA 335 Nautilus proper Lituus 313 314 Onchidium 336 Belemnites 314 Planorbis 336 Actinocamax 315 Limnaeus 337 Ammonites 315 Physa 337 Ammonites proper 315 Scarabseus 338 Planltes 315 Auricula 338 Ceratites 315 Conovulus 338 Orbulites 315 NUDIBRANCHIATA 339 Scaphites 316 Doris 339 Baculites 316 Onchidora 340 Hamites 316 Turrilites 316 Plocamocefos 340 Camerines 316 Polycera 340 Siderolithes 317 Tritonia 340 Xll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Thethys 341 Scyllsea 341 Glaucus 342 Laniogerus 342 Eolidia 342 Cavolina 342 Flabellina 343 Tergipes 343 Busiris 343 Placobranchus 343 INFEU0«RANCH1ATA 343 Phyllidia 344 Diphyllidia 344 TECTIBKANCHIATA 344 Pleurobranchus 345 Pleurobranchsea 345 Aplysia 346 Dolabella 347 Notarchus 347 Bursatella 347 Akera 348 Bullxa 348 Bulla 348 Akera proper 349 Gaslropieron 349 Gastroplax 350 HETEROPODA 351 Pterotrachea 352 Carinaria 352 Atlanta 352 Firola 352 Timorienna 35o Monophora 353 Phylliroe 353 PECTINIBRANCHIATA 354 TllOCHOIDA 355 Trochus 355 Tectarlum 356 Calcar 356 Rotella 356 Cantharis 356 Infundibulum 356 Telescopium 356 Trochus 357 Solarium 357 Evomphalus 357 Turbo 357 Turbo proper 357 Delphinula 358 Pleurotoma 358 Turritella 358 Scalaria 359 Cyclostoma 359 Valvata 360 Paludina 360 Littorina 361 Monodon 361 Phasianella Ampullaria Lanista Helicina AmpulUna Olygira Melania Rissoa Melanopsls Pirena Actseon Pyramidella Janthina Nerita Natica Nerida proper Velata Neritina Clithon Capuloiba Capulus Hipponyx Crepidula Pileolus Septaria Calyptraea Siphonaria Sigaretus Coriocella Cryptostoma BUCCINOIDA Conus Cyprsea Ovula Ovula proper Volva Terebellum Voluta Oliva Volvaria Voluta proper Cymbium Voluta Marglnella Colombella Mitra Cancellaria Buccinum Buccinum proper Nassa Eburna Ancillaria Dolium Dolium proper 376 Perdix 376 Harpa 376 Purpura 375 Monoceros 376 362 362 362 363 363 363 363 363 363 364 364 364 364 365 365 365 365 365 366 366 366 366 367 367 367 368 368 368 369 369 369 370 370 371 371 371 371 372 372 372 373 373 373 373 373 374 374 374 374 375 375 375 375 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, XIU Uicinuk 377 Concholepas 377 Cassis 377 Morio 377 T ere bra 378 Cerithium 378 Potamida 378 Murex 379 IVIurex 379 Murex propei Bronlis 379 379 Typhis Chichoracea 379 379 Aquilla Lotorium 380 380 Tritonium 380 Trophona 380 Ranella 380 Apolles Fusus 380 380 Fusus proper Lathira 380 381 Struthiolaria 381 Pleurotoma 381 Clavatula 381 Pyrula 381 Fulgur Fasciolaria 381 381 Turbinella 382 Strombus 382 Strombus proper 382 Pterocera 382 Rostellaria 382 Hippocrenes 383 TUBULIBRANCHIATA 383 Vermetus 383 Magilus 384 Siliquaria 384 SCUTIBRANCHIATA 385 Halyotis 385 Halyotis proper Padolla 385 386 Stomatia 386 Fissurella 386 Emarginula 387 Parmopborus CYCLOBRANCHIATA 387 387 Patella 388 Chiton 388 ACEPHALA 390 TESTACEA 391 OSTRACEA 392 Acarda 393 Radiolites 393 Sphaerulites Calceola .393 393 Hippurites Batolithes 393 393 Ostrea 394 Ostrea proper 394 Vol. II— (3) , Gryplixa 395 Pecten 395 Lima 395 Pedum 396 Hinnita 396 Plagiostoma 397 Pachytes 397 Dianchora 397 Podopsis 397 Anornia 397 Placuna 398 Spondylus 398 Plicatula 399 Malleus 399 Vulsella 399 Perna 399 Crenatula 400 feervilia 400 Inoceramus 400 Catillus 400 Pulvinites 401 Ktheria 401 Avicula 401 Pintadina 401 Avicula proper 401 Pinna 402 Area 402 Area proper 403 CucuUjea 403 Pectunculus 403 Nucula 404 Trigonia 404 Mttiiacea 404 Mytilus 405 Mytilus proper 405 Modiolus 405 Lithodomus 406 Anodonta 406 Iridina 407 Dipsas 407 Unio 407 Hyria 407 Castalia 408 Cardita 408 Cypricardia 408 Coralliophaga 408 Venericardia 408 Crassatella 409 Chamacea 409 Cbama 409 Tridacna 409 Tridacna pro- per 410 Hippopus 410 Chama proper 410 Diceras 411 Isocardia 411 Cahdiacea 421 XIV SYSTEMATIC INDKX. Cardium Hemicardium Don ax Cyclas Cyrena Cyprina Galathjea Corbis Tellina Loripes Lucina Venus Venus proper Astarte Cytherea Capsa Petricola Corbula , Mactra Mactra proper Lavignon [ncltjsa Mya Lutraria Mya proper Anatina Solemya Glycymeris Panopea Pandora Byssomia Hiatella Solen Solen proper Sanguinolaria Psammobia Psammothea Pholas Teredo Fistulana Gastrochsena Teredina Clavagella Aspergillum ACEPHALA NUDA Segregata Biphora Thalia Biphora proper Ascidia Aggregata Botryllus Pyrosoma Polyclinum ERACHIOPODA Lingula Terebratula 412 412 412 413 413 413 414 414 414 415 415 416 416 416 417 417 417 418 418 418 418 419 419 419 420 420 420 420 421 • 421 421 421 422 422 422 422 423 423 423 424 424 425 425 425 426 426 426 428 428 428 429 430 430 431 432 432 433 Spirifer 433 Thecidea 434 Orbicula 434 Discina 434 Crania 434 :iRRHOPODA 435 Anatifa 436 PoUicipeS 437 Cineras 437 Otion 437 Tetralasmis 437 Balanus 437 Balanus proper 438 Acasta 438 Conia 438 Asema 438 Pyrgoma 438 Octhosia 438 Creusia ^33 Coronula 439 Tubicinella 439 Diadema 439 ARTICULATA 442 ANNULATA 446 TUBICOLA 448 Serpula 448 Spirorbis 449 Sabella 450 Terebella 451 Amphitrite 452 Syphostoma 453 Dentalium 453 DORSIBRANCHIATA 454 Arenicola 454 Amphinome 455 Chloeia 455 Pleione 455 Euphrosine 455 Ilipponoe 455 Eunice 456 Lysidice 456 Aglaura 456 Nereis 457 Phyllodoce 457 Alciopa 458 Spio 458 Syllis . 458 Glycera 458 Nephthys 459 Lumbrinera 459 Aricia 459 Hesione 459 C -)helina 460 C rrhatulus 460 Palmyra 460 Aphrodita 460 Halithea 461 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV Polynoe Sig-alion Acoetes Chsetopterus ABRANCHIATA 461 462 462 462 463 Abhanchiata Setigeha 463 Lumbricus 463 Lumbrlcus proper 463 Enterion 464 Hypogaeon 464 Trophonia 464 Nais 465 Clymena 465 Abhancbiata Asitigeha 466 Hirudo 466 Sanguisuga 467 Hxmopis 467 Bdella 467 Nephelis 467 Trochetia 468 Aulastoma 468 Branchiobdella 468 H:emocharis 468 Albiona 469 Branchellion 469 Clespine 469 Phylline 469 Malacobdella 469 Gordius 470 FIRST GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CLASS III. REPTILIA. The disposition of the heart in Reptiles is such^ that at each contraction^ a portion only of the blood it has received from the different parts of the body is transmitted to the lungs, the remainder returning to those parts without having passed through the pulmonary organs, and without having respired. The result of this is, that the action of oxygen upon the blood is less than in the Mammalia, and that if the quantity of respiration in the latter, in which all the blood is compelled to pass through the lungs before it returns to the rest of the body, be expressed by a unit, that of Reptiles will be ex- pressed by a fraction of a unit, so much the smaller, as the quantity of blood transmitted to the heart at each contraction is less. As it is from respiration that the blood derives its heat, arid the fibre its susceptibility of nervous irritation, the blood of reptiles is cold, and the muscular energy less than that of Quadrupeds, and much less than that of Birds ; thus we find their movements usually confined to crawling and swimming ; for, though at certain times several of them jump and run with considerable activity, their habits are generally lazy, their digestion excessively slow, and their sensations obtuse. Vol. II.— a 2 REPTILIA. In cold or temperate climates almost all of them pass the win- ter in a state of torpor. Their brain, which is proportionally very small, is not so essentially requisite to the exercise of their animal and vital faculties, as to the members of the two first classes ; their sensations seem to be less referred to a common centre, for they continue to live and to exhibit volun- tary motions, long after losing their brain, and even after the loss of their head. A communication with the nervous sys- tem is also much less necessary to the contraction of their fibres, and their muscles preserve their irritability after being severed from the body much longer than those of the pre- ceding classes ; their heart continues to pulsate for hours after it has been torn away, nor does its loss prevent the body from moving for a long time. The cerebellum of several has been observed to be extremely small, a fact which tallies with their slight propensity to motion. The smallncss of the pulmonary vessels permits reptiles to suspend the process of respiration without arresting the course of the blood ; thus they dive with more facility, and remain longer under water than either the Mammalia or Birds. The cells of their lungs, being less numerous, because they have fewer vessels to lodge on their parietes, are much wider, and the organs themselves sometimes resemble simple sacs with scarcely any appearance of cells. Although some of them are incapable of producing audible sounds, tliey are all provided with a trachea and larynx. Their blood not being warm, there was no necessity for teguments capable of retaining heat, so that they are covered with scales or simply with a naked skin. The females have a double ovary and two oviducts; the males of several genera have a forked or double penis, those of the last order, the Batrachians, have none. No reptile hatches its eggs, and in several genera of the Batrachise, they are fecundated after their exclusion from the female, in which case the egg is enveloped by a membrane only. The young of this latter order, on quitting the egg, have the form and branchiaB of Fishes, and some of its genera REPTILIA. preserve these organs, even after the development of their lungs. In several oviparous reptiles, the Colubers particu- larly, the young animal in the egg is formed and considerably advanced at the moment of its exit from the mother ; and there are even some species which may be rendered viviparous by simply retarding that epoch. (1) The quantity of respiration in Reptiles is not fixed like that of the Mammalia and Birds, but varies with the proportion of the diameter of the pulmonary artery compared to that of the aorta. Thus Tortoises and Lizards respire more than Frogs, &c.j and hence a much greater difference of sensibility and energy than can exist between one of the Mammalia and ano- ther, or between Birds. Reptiles accordingly present an infinitely greater variety of forms, motions, and properties than are to be found in the two preceding classes, and it is in their production that Nature seems to have amused herself by imagining the most fantastic shapes, and by modifying in every possible way the general plan she has followed in the construction of the Vertebrated animals, and in the Oviparous classes especially. The comparison, however, of their quantity of respiration and of their organs of motion, has enabled M. Brogniart to divide them into four orders, (2) viz. The Chelonia, or Tortoises, whose heart has two auri- cles, and whose body, supported by four feet, is enveloped by two plates or bucklers formed by tbe ribs and sternum. The Sauria, or Lt2Jards, whose heart has two auricles, and whose body, supported by four or two feet, is covered with scales. The Ophidia, or Serpents, whose heart has two auricles, and whose body always remains deprived of feet. The Batrachia, whose heart has but one auricle, and whose body is naked, most of which pass, with age, from the (1) The Colubers, for instance, when depinved of water, as proved b\' the ex- periments of M. Geoffrey. (2) Al. Brogniart, Essai d'une Classification Naturelle des Reptiles, Paris, 1805, and in the M^m. des Savants Etrang., torn. 1, p. 587. REPTILIA. form of a Fish respiring by branchisB^ to that of a Quadruped breathing by lungs. Some of them, however, always retain their branchiae, and a few have never more than two feet.(l) ORDER I. CHELONIA. The Chelonia, better known by the name of Tortoises, have a heart composed of two auricles, and of a ventricle divided in two unequal cavities, which communicate with each other. The blood from the body is poured into the right auricle, that from the lungs into the left, but the two streams become more or less mingled in passing through the ventricle. These animals are distinguished at the first glance by the double shield in which the body is enveloped, and which al- lows no part to project except their head, neck, tail, and four feet. The shell (or upper shield) is formed by the ribs, of which there are eight pair, widened and reunited by denticu- lated sutures, and with plates adhering to the annular portion of the dorsal vertebra, so that all these parts are rendered fixed and immovable. The inferior shell is formed of pieces, usually nine in number, analogous to a sternum. (2) A frame composed of bony pieces, which have been considered as pos- sessing some analogy with the sternal or cartilaginous portion (1) The Sauria and Ophidia are differently arrang'ed by some others, Merrem, for instance. They detach the Crocodiles, to form a separate order, and unite the first family of the Ophidia or Angais to the remainder of the Sauria, a dis- tribution which is founded on some peculiarities in the organization of Crocodiles, and on a certain resemblance of Anguis to the Lizards. We merely indicate these affinities, which are almost wholly internal, preferring a division more easily applied. (2) See Geoff. An. du Mus. t. XIV, p. 5; and on the entire osteology of the Tortoises, my IJech. sur les oss. foss. tom. V, 2e partie. [N.B. It is well to re- mark, that I shall hereafter designate the upper shell by the single word shell (testa) and the inferior by sternum. Jim. Ed.] CHELONIA. 5 of the ribs, and which in one subgenus always remains in a cartilaginous state, surrounds the shell, uniting and binding to- gether all the ribs which compose it. The vertebrae of the neck and tail are consequently the only ones which are mov- able. These two bony envelopes being immediately covered by the skin or by plates, the scapulae and all the muscles of the arm and neck, instead of being connected with the ribs and spine, as in other animals, are attached beneath : the same ar- rangement is found in the bones of the pelvis and all the mus- cles of the thigh, so that in this respect the Tortoise may be said to be an inverted a-nimal. The vertebral extremity of the scapula is articulated with the shell ; and the opposite limit, which may be considered analogous to a clavicle, is joined to the sternum. So that the two shoulders form a ring through which pass the oesophagus and trachea. A third bony branch, larger than either of the others, and directed downwards and backwards, represents, as in Birds, the coracoid apophysis, but its posterior extremity is free. The lungs have considerable extent, and are situated in the same cavity with the other viscera. (1 ) The thorax, in most of them, being immovable, it is by the play of its mouth that the Tortoise respires, which it effects by keeping the jaws closed, and alternately raising and depressing the os hyoides. The former of these motions permits air to enter through the nostrils, the tongue then closes the internal orifice of those apertures, when the latter forces the air into the lungs. (2) Tortoises have no teeth ; their jaws are invested with horn like those of Birds; the Chelydes excepted, where they are covered with skin only. Their tympanum and palatine arches (1) observe that in all those reptiles in which the lung penetrates into the ab- domen (and the Crocodile is the only one in which it docs not) it is enveloped like the intestines by a fold of the peritoneum, which separates it from the abdomi- nal cavity. (2) With respect to this mechanism, which is common to Tortoises and to the Batrachianp, see the Mem. of llobert Townson, Lond. 1779. 6 REPTILIA. are fixed to the cranium and are immovable ; their tongue is short and bristled with fleshy filaments ; their stomach simple and strong ; their intestines of a moderate length and destitute of a caecum. Their bladder is very large. The penis of the male is simple and large, and the eggs laid by the female are invested with a hard shell. The former is frequently known by its exterior from the concavity of its sternum. They possess great tenacity of life, — and instances are on record in which they have been seen to move for several weeks after losing their head. They require but little nourishment, and can pass whole months and even years without eating. The Chelonia were all united by Linnaeus in the genus Testudo, Lin. They have since been divided into five subgenera, chiefly from the forms and teguments of their shell, and of their feet. Testudo, Brog.(l) The land Tortoises have the shell arched and supported by a solid, bony frame, most of its lateral edges being soldered to the sternum; the legs, as if truncated, with very short toes, which are closely joined as far as the nails, all susceptible of being withdrawn between the bucklers; there are five nails to the fore-feet, the hind ones have four, all stout and conical. Several species live on vege- table food. T. graeca, L.; Schaepf. pi. viii, ix, is the species most com- mon in Europe; it is found in Greece, Italy, Sardinia, and ap- parently all round the Mediterranean. It is distinguished by its wide and equally arched shell; by its raised scales or plates, which are granulate in the centre, striated on the edges, and marbled with large yellow and black spots; and by its poste- rior edge in the middle, of which there is a prominence slightly bent over the tail. It rarely attains the length of a foot, lives on leaves, fruit, insects, and worms, excavates a hole in which it passes the winter, and breeds in the spring, laying four or five eggs similar to those of a Pigeon. Among the species foreign to Europe there are several from the (1) Merrem has changed this name into Chersine. CHELONIA. 7 East Indies, of an enormous size, and three feet, and upwards, in length. One of them in particular has been called the Test, indica, Vosm.^ Schoepf. Tort. pi. xxii. (The India Tor- toise.) Its shell is compressed in front, and its anterior edge is turned up above the head. Its colour is a deep brown. Some of them are remarkable for the beautiful distribution of their colours; such are, T. geometrica, L. ; Lacep. I, ix; Schoepf. x. (The Geometrica.) A small Tortoise, each plate of whose shell is regularly orna- mented with yellow lines, radiating from a disk of the same colour. T. radiata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Ill, pi. ii; and Daud. II, xxvi. (The Coui.) A New Holland species, ornamented with nearly as much regularity as the Geometrica, but which attains a much larger size.(l) In some species, the Pyxis, Bell., the anterior part of the ster- num is movable like that of the Box-Tortoises; others again, the KiNixYs, Id., can move the posterior portion, (2) Emys, Brongn.(3) The fresh-water Tortoises have no other constant characters by which they can be distinguished from the preceding ones, than the greater separation of the toes, which are terminated by longer nails, and the intervals occupied by membranes; even in this respect there are shades of difference. They likewise have five nails be- fore and four behind. The form of their feet renders their habits more aquatic. Most of them feed on insects, small fishes, &c. Their envelope is generally more flattened than that of the land Tortoises. (1) Add: T.stellaia, Schoepf. XXV; — T. angulata, Schvveig; — T. areolata, Sch., XXIII;— T. marginata, Sch. XII, 1, 2;— T. denticulata, Sch., XXVUI, l;—T. cafra, Schweig; — T, signata, Schw.; — T. carbonaria, Spix, XVI; — T. Hercules, Id. XIV; — T. cagado, Id.XVU;— 7'. tabulata, Sch., XIII;— T. sculpta, Spix, XV;— T. nigra, Quoy and Gaym. Voy. de Freycin. Zool. XXXVII; — T. depressa, Cuv.; — T.bigut- iata. Id.; — T. Carolina, Le Conte, &c.* (2) See the papei- of M. Bell., in the Lin. Trans. Vol. XV, part 2, p. 392; in two of these Kinixys which we have seen living-, the edges of the joint in the shield were worn away, or as if carious, and to such a degree as to induce a sus- picion that there was something morbid in this conformation. ^3) From e/^y?, Tortoise. * This is a mistake of our author; it is the '". Carolina, Gmel., the T. polyphemus of others. £tn. Ed. REPTILIA. Test, europxa, Schn.; T. orbicularis, L.; Schcepf. pi. 1(1) /"rhe Fresh-water Tortoise of Europe), is the most universally diffused species; it is found in all the south and east of Europe as far as and in Prussia. Its shell is oval, but slightly convex, tolerably smooth, blackish, and every where dotted with yellow- ish points arranged in radii. It attains the length of ten inches; its flesh is used as food, and it is reared for that purpose with bread, young vegetables, &c. Marsigli says, its eggs are a year in being hatched. Test, picta; Schoepf. pi. iv (The Painted Tortoise), is one of the most beautiful species; it is smooth and brown, each plate being surrounded with a yellow band, which is very broad on the anterior edge. It is found in North America along the shores of brooks, on rocks or trunks of trees, whence it plunges into the water on the first alarm.(2) Among the fresh-water Tortoises we should remark The Box-ToaToiSES,(3) The sternum of which is divided by a movable articulation into two lids, which, when the head and limbs are withdrawn, com- pletely encase the animal in its shell. In some the anterior lid only is movable.(4) In others both are equally so.(5) (1) It is the same as the verte et jaune, Lacep. pi. vi, and his ronde, pi. v, see the Monog. of this species by M. Bojanus, Vilna, 1819, fol. (2) Add Em. luiuria, Lacep., IV; — Em. Jldansonii, Schweig; — Em. senegalerms, Dumer.; — £wt. su/yrw/a, Lacep., XIII; — Em. contractu, Schweig; — Em. punctata, Schoepf. V; — Em. reticulata, Daud. ;. — Em. rubriventris, Le Conte; — Em. ncrratu, Daud. II, xxi; — Em. amcinna, Le Conte, or geomeirica, Lesueur; — Em. geogra- phica, Lesueur; — Em. sc-ripta, Schcepf., Ill, 4; — Em. cinerea. Id. II, 3; — Em. cen- trata, Uaud. or terrapen, Schoepf., XV; — Em. concenirica, Le Conte; — Em. odorata. Id.; — Em.fusca,L.esu.eur:, — Em. kprosa, Schw.; — Em.nasuta, Id.; — Em.dvrmta, Schoepf.; — Em. pulchella, Schoepf., XXVI, or insculpta, Le Conte; — Em. lutescem, Schw.; — Em. expama, Id.;— Em. Macquaria, Cuv. M. Fitzinger separates under the name of Chelodina, and M. Bell under that of HyjmAspis, those species which have a more elongated neck, sucli as the Em. Imgicollis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Ill, part. I, pi. x\\;—Em. planicepa, Schoepf, XXVII, or cunuliculata, Spix, YUl,— Em. platicepkala, Merrem; — Em. depressa, Spix, IFI, 2; — Em. carunculuta, Aug. St. Hil. ; — Em.iritentaculata, Id. (3) This subdivision gave Merrem his genus Tzrbapejte, Spix his KiyosxEn- NON, and Fleming his Cistuda. The European species, and others already par- take of this movability, which renders the task of limiting the genus a difficult matter. (4) Test, subnigra, I, vli,2;— T. clausa, Schoepf, VII. (5) La Tortue d hoite d'Ambrnne, Daud. II, 2>{)9\—Te)st. tricarinata, Schcepf, II; — Test, pennsylvanica, I, d. xxiv. [To which may be added T. odorata, Daud. Am. Ed. ] CHELOMA. y There are some Fresh-water Tortoises, on the contrary, whose long tail and voluminous members cannot be completely retracted within the shell. This approximates them to the following sub- genera, and particularly to the Chelydes, and renders them conse- quently worthy of distinction. (l) Such is, Test, serpentina, L.; Schoepf. pi. vi. (The Snapper.) Easily recognised by its tail, which is nearly as long as its shell, and bristled with sharp and dentated crests, and by its pyrami- dically elevated plates. It is found in the warm parts of North America, where it destroys numbers of fishes and aquatic birds, wanders far from rivers, and sometimes weighs upwards of twenty pounds. Chelonia, Brongn.(2) The envelope of the Sea Tortoises(3) is too small to receive their head, and particularly their feet, which are very long (the anterior ones most so,) and flattened into fins. The toes are all closely united in the same membrane, the two first ones of each foot being alone furnished with pointed nails, one or other of which at a certain age is usually lost. The pieces of their sternum do not form a conti- nuous plate, but are variously notched, leaving considerable inter- vals which are filled with cartilage only. The ribs are narrowed and separated from each other at their external extremities; the circum- ference of the shell, however, is surrounded with a circle of pieces corresponding to the ribs of the sternum. The temporal fossa is covered above by an arch formed by the parietal and other bones, so that the whole head is furnished with an uninterrupted osseous helmet. The internal surface of the oesophagus is every where armed with sharp cartilaginous points which incline towards the stomach. Test, mydos, L,;(4) T. viridls, Schn.; Lacep. I, 1 (The Green Tortoise), is distinguished by its greenish plates, thirteen in number, which are not arranged like tilesj those of the mid- dle range are almost regular hexagons. It is found from six to seven feet long, and weighing from seven to eight hundred (1) This subdivision has furnished M. Fitzinger with his genus Cheltdha, and M. Fleming with that of Chkionura. (2) Chelonia, from x*^"^"- Merrem has preferred the barbarous name of Ca- KBTTA. (3) Commonly, but absurdly, termed Turtle ; they might, with equal propriety, be called Doves. Am. Ed. (4) This name o£ Mydas was taken by Linnxus from Niphus. Schneider con- siders it as a corruption of «//fc. Vol. II.— B 10 REPTILIA. pounds. Its flesh is highly esteemed, and furnishes a wholesome and palatable supply of food to the mariner in every latitude of the torrid zone. It feeds in large troops on the sea-weed at the bottom of the ocean, and approaches the mouths of rivers to respire. The eggs it deposits in the sand to receive the vivify- ing influence of the sun, are excellent food; its shell is of no value. In a neighbouring species, Chel. maculosa^ Nob., the middle plates are twice as long as they are broad, and of a fawn-colour, marked with large black spots. In a second, Chel. lachrymala, Nob., whose middle plates are similar to those of the maculosa, the last is so raised as to form a knob, and the fawn colour is marked with black streaks. The shell is employed in the arts. Test. imbncata,h.; Le Caret; Lac. I, \\\ Schoepf. XVIII, A. Smaller than the viridis, has a longer muzzle and denticulated jaws; there are thirteen fawn-coloured and brown plates which overlap each other like tiles; its flesh is disagreeable and un- wholesome, but the eggs are delicious, and it furnishes the finest kind of shell employed by comb-makers, Sec. It inhabits the seas of hot climates. There are also two species which approximate to the imbri- cata, Chel. virgata^ Nob.; Bruce, Abyss., pi. xlii, whose plates are less elevated, the middle ones equal, but with more acute lateral angles, and marked in radii with black specks; and Chel. radiata, Schoepf. xvi, B, which only differs from the preceding in the increased breadth of the last middle plate; it is perhaps a mere variety. Test, caretta, Gm. ; La Caouane; Schoepf. pi. xvi, is more or less brown or red, and has fifteen plates, the middle ones of which are ridged, particularly towards their extremities; the point of the upper mandible is hooked, and the anterior feet are longer and narrower than in the neighbouring species, preserv- ing two larger nails. It is found in different seas and even in the Mediterranean; it feeds on shell-fish; the flesh is not eaten, and its shell is of little value, but it yields good lamp-oil. Merrem has recently distinguished, by the name of Sphargis, those Cheloniae whose shell is destitute of plates, and merely covered with a sort of leather. (1) Such is Test, coriacea, L.; Le Luth; Lacep. I, iii; Schoepf. xxviii. A very large species of the Mediterranean. Its shell is oval and pointed behind, exhibiting three projecting longitudinal ridges. (1) Fleming' calls them Coriudo; Lesiieur, Deumochelis. (2) Add Dertnochdis atlantica, Lesueur. CHELONIA. 11 Chelys, Dum.(l) The Chelydes resemble fresh water Tortoises in their feet and nailsj their envelope is much too small to contain their head and feet, which are very large, and their nose is lengthened out into a small snout; their most dominant character, however, consists in their mouth, which opens crosswise, being unarmed with the horny beak common to the other Chelonise, and similar to that of certain Batrachians, the Pipa in particular. Test, fimbria, Gm.; La Matamata; Brug. Journ. d'Hist. Nat. I, xiii; Schoepf. xxi. The shell studded with pyramidal eleva- tions, and the body edged all round with a pinked fringe. It is found in Guiana. Trionyx, Geoff. The Soft-shelled Tortoises have no scales, the shell and sternum being simply enveloped by a soft skin; neither of those shells is completely supported by bones, as the ribs do not extend to the edge of the upper one, and are united with each other only for a portion of their length, the parts analogous to the sternal ribs being simple cartilage, and the sternal pieces partially notched as in the sea-tortoises, not covering the whole lower surface. After death, the very rough surface of the ribs may be perceived through the dried skin. Their feet, like those of the fresh-water Tortoises, are palmated without being lengthened, but only three of their toes are possessed of nails. The horn of their beak is invested externally with fleshy lips, and their nose is prolonged into a little snout. Their tail is very short. They live in fresh water, and the flexible edges of their shell aid them in swimming. Trionyx segyptiacus, GeofF. Ann. du Mus. XIV, 1; Test, tri- unguis, Forsk and Gmel. (The Tyrse), is sometimes three feet in length, and of a green colour spotted with white; its shell is but slightly convex. It devours the young Crocodiles the mo- ment they leave the egg, and is thus of more utility to Egypt than the Ichneumon. (2) Test. ■ f er ox fGm.; Phil. Trans., LXI, x, 1 — 3; cop., Lacep. I, vii; Schoepf. xix (The Soft-shelled Tortoise of America), in- habits the rivers of Carolina, Georgia, the Floridas, and of Guiana. It remains in ambush under roots of reeds, &c. whence it seizes birds, reptiles. Sec, devours the young Alligators, (1) Merrem prefers calling this genus by the barbarous name of Matamata. (2) Sonnini, Voy. en Egypte, toni. II, p. 553. 12 REPTILIA. and is devoured in turn bj' the old ones. Its flesh is highly esteemed. (1) ORDER II. SAURIA.(2) The Saurians have a heart like that of the Chelonise, com- posed of two auricles and a ventricle, sometimes divided by imperfect partitions. Their ribs are movable, partly connected with the ster- num, and rise and fall in respiration. Their lung extends more or less towards the posterior ex- tremity of the body ; it frequently penetrates very far into the lower part of the abdomen, whose transverse muscles pass under the ribs, and even towards the neck, to clasp it. Those in which this organ is very large, possess the singular faculty of changing the colours of their skin according to the excite- ment produced in them by their wants or passions. Their eggs are enveloped by a covering more or less hard, and the young always retain the form in which they quit them. Their mouth is always armed with teeth, and their toes, with very few exceptions, are furnished with nails; their skin is covered with scales, more or less compact, or at least with scaly granules. They all have a tail more or less long, and generally very thick at base : most of them have four legs, a few only having but two. (1) Add Trionyxjcaianicus, Geoflu Ann. du Mas. XIV; — Tr. carinatus. Id.; — Tr. stellatus,ld.-^ — Tr. euphraiicus, Olivier, Voy. en Turquie, &c. pi. xlii; — Tr. gan- geticus, Duvaucel; — Tr. granosus, Leach, or Test, granosa, Schoepf. xxx, A and B. N.B. The Tortue de Bartram, Voy. Am. Sept. tr. fr. I, pi. 2, appears to me to be the T. ferox, to which, through a mistake, two nails too many have been added to each foot. (2) From s-at/p;?, (Lizard) animals analogous to Lizards. SAURIA. 13 Linnaeus included them all in two genera, the Dragons and the Lizards : but it has been found necessary to divide the latter into several, which so far differ in the number of feet, &c. the shape of the tongue, tail and scales, that we are even compelled to distribute them in several families. FAMILY L CROCODILIDA, This family contains the single genus Crocodilus, Br, Crocodiles are large animals, with a tail flattened on the sides, five toes before and four behind, of which only the three internal ones on each foot are armed with nails, all more or less united by membranesj a single range of pointed teeth in each jawj the tongue fleshy, flat, and adhering close to its edges; a circumstance which in- duced the ancients to believe that they had none;] the back and tail covered with very stout, large, square scales or plates, relieved by a ridge along their middle; a deeply notched crest on the tail, which is double at its base. The plates on the belly are smooth, thin, and square. Their nostrils, which open on the end of the muzzle by two small crescent-shaped fissures closed by valves, communicate Avith the extremity of the hind part of the mouth, by a narrow canal which traverses the palatine and sphenoidal bones. The lower jaw being continued behind the cranium, the upper one appears to be movable, and has been so described by the ancients; it only moves, however, with the entire head. They have the power of closing the external ear by means of two fleshy lips, and there are three lids to their eyes. Six small holes, orifices of as many glands, may be observed under the throat, from which issues a kind of musk-scented pomatum. The vertebrae of the neck rest on each other through the medium of small false ribs, which renders all lateral motion difficult, and does not allow these animals to deviate suddenly from their course; con- sequently it is easy to escape from them by pursuing a zig-zag direc- tion, or by running round them. They are the only Saurians that are destitute of clavicles, but their coracoid apophyses are attached to the sternum, as in all the others. In addition to the common and false ribs, there are others which protect the abdomen, without 14 REPTILIA. reaching to the spine, and which appear to be produced by the ossi- fication of the tendinous inscriptions of the recti muscles. Their lungs do not dip into the abdomen like those of other rep- tiles, and some fleshy fibres, adhering to that part of the peritoneum which covers the liver, give them the appearance of a diaphragnti, which, in conjunction with the division of their heart into three chambers, where the blood from the lungs does not mingle so per- fectly with that from the body as in other reptiles, appproximates them somewhat nearer to the hot-blooded quadrupeds. The tympanum and pterygoid apophyses are fixed to the cranium as in the Tortoises. Their eggs are as large and hard as those of a Goose; and Crocodiles are considered, of all animals, those which present the greatest difference in size. The females keep careful Avatch over their eggs, and tenderly protect their young for some months. They inhabit fresh water, are extremely ferocious and car- nivorous, cannot swallow under water, but drown their prey, and place it in some submerged crevice of a rock, where they allow it to putrefy before they eat it.(l) The species, which are more numerous than they were thought to be previous to my observations, are referable to three distinct sub- genera. Gavial, Cuv. The muzzle slender and very long; the teeth nearly equalj the fourth ones below passing, when the jaAvs are closed, into notches, and not into holes, in the upper one; the external edges of the hind feet are notched, and the feet themselves palmated to the very ends of the toes; two large holes in the bones of the cranium behind the eyes may be felt through the skin. They have as yet been found in only the eastern continent. The most common is, Lac. gangetica, Gm.; Gavial du Gauge; Faujas, Hist, de la Mont.' de St Pierre, pi. xlvi; Lacep. I, xv. A species which attains a great size, and which, besides the length of its muzzle, is remarkable for a stout cartilaginous prominence which encir- cles its nostrils, and then inclines backwards.(2) (1) Crocodiles differ so much from Lizards that several authors have recently thought it proper to form them into a separate order. They are the Loricata, Merrem and Fltzinger; the Emtdosauria, Blainv. (2) This prominence is the foundation of Chan's remark (Hist. an. LXII, c. 41), that the Ganges produces Crocodiles which have a horn on the end of the muzzle. See its figure and description by Geoff. St Hillaire, Mem. du Mus. XII, p. 97. Add, the Peiit Gavial {Croc, tmuirostris, Cuv), Faujas, loc. cit. pi. xlviii, should it prove to be a distinct species. N.B. The calcareous schist of Bavaria h.is produced a small fossil Gavial of a SAURIA. 15 Crocodiles,(1) properly so called. Have an oblong and depressed muzzle, unequal teeth, the fourth ones below passing into notches, and not into holes of the upper jaw, and all the remaining characters of the preceding subgenus. They are found in both continents. Lac. crocodilus^ L.; Crocodile du Nil, GeofFr. Descr. de I'E- gypte, Rep. II, 1; Ann. Mus. X, iii, Ij Cuv. lb. X, pi. 1, f. 5 and 11, f. 7, and Oss. foss. V, part 2, same plate and figure (The Crocodile of the Nile), so celebrated among the ancients, has six rows of square and nearly equal plates along the whole length of the back.(2) peculiar species, described by Soemmering in the Mem. of the Acad, of Munich, of 1814. I have described the crania and other parts of fossil Crocodiles allied to the Gavials found at Caen, Honfleur and other places, and marked those points in which the osteology of their cranium differs from that of the Gavial now in exist- ence. See Oss. foss. V, pai't 2. Similar observations have also been made in England by M. Conybeare. In consequence of these differences, which all relate to the hind part of the palate, M. Geoffroy has thought proper to form two genera of these lost animals, which he calls Theleosauhus and STETfEosAURFs, notwith- standing which, he appears to think they may be the stock of the present Gavials, and that the said differences may have resulted from atmospheric changes. Mem. du Mus., XII. (1) Kfc>co-flgon?ze of Lacep., is the M. hengalensis. Seba's original is in the Museum. To these species with a compressed tail, M. Fitzinger applies the generic name ofTcPIXAMBlS. (2) Merrem has made his genus TEits from this second group. (3) M. Gray has changed tliis name into Ada. (4) It is to such tlrat M. Fitzinger particularly applies the name of Momtok. SAURIA. 21 Some of them, more particularly termed Sauvegardes, have a tail that is more or less compressed; the scales on the belly are longer than they are broad. They live on the banks of rivers, 8cc. Such is Lac. teguixin^ Lin. and Shaw; Le Grande Sauvegarde d'Jime- rique; Teyu-guazu; Temapara, &c.; Seb. I, xcvi, 1, 2, 3, xcvii, 5, xcix, 1. Yellow dots and spots disposed in transverse bands, on a black ground above, and a yellowish one beneath; yellow and black bands on the tail.(l) Found in Guiana, where it at- tains the length of six feet. It moves rapidly on shore, and when pursued hastens to the Avater for i-efuge, where it dives, but does not swim. It feeds on insects, reptiles, eggs, Sec, and lays in holes which it excavates in the sand. Both flesh and eggs are edible.(2) Others, called Ameivas(3) only differ from the preceding in the tail, which is round, and nowise compressed, furnished, as well as the belly, with transverse rows of square scales; those on the belly are more broad than long. They are American Lizards, tolerably similar, externally, to those of Europe; but besides the want of mo- lars, most of them have no collar, and all the scales of the throat are small; their head also is more pyramidal than that of the Euro- pean Lizards, and they have not, like the latter, a bony plate on the orbit. Several species have been confounded under the name of La- ccrta ameiva, some of which it is still very difficult to distin- guish. The most common, Teyus ameiva, Spix, XXIII; Pr. Max. de Wied. liv. V, is a foot long or more; green; the back more or less dotted and spotted with black, and vertical rows of white ocellated spots bordered with black, on the flanks. There is another, Teyus cy adieus, Merr.', Lacep., I,xxxi, Seb. II, cv, 2, about the same size, of a bluish colour, with round white spots scattered over the flanks and sometimes on the body. The young of these animals, and of some others of the (1) Dried specimens, or those pi-eserved in spirits, assume a greenish or bluish tint in those parts where the colours are light, and it is thus that they are repre- sented by Seba; but while alive, and as we have seen it, the light parts are more or less yellow. Pr. Max. de Wied has given a good picture of it in his eleventh No. (2) Add the Tupin. d laches vertes of Daud., if it benota'simple variety of Sauve- garde. Spix calls it Tup. monitor, pi. xix; it is his T. nigropundatus, which is the true Sauvegarde. (3) According to Marcgrave, the term Jlmciva designates a Lizard with a forked tail, a circumstance which can only be the result of accident; Edwards having had in his possession an individual of the above division, in which this accident was observed, apphed that term to the whole species. Marcgrave compares his indi- vidual to his Taraguira, which, from his description, is rather a Polychrus. 22 REPTILIA. same subdivision, have blackish stripes on the sides of the back, a fact worth remembering to avoid an undue multiplication of species. (l) We may separate from the Ameivas certain species, all the scales of whose belly, legs, and tail, are carinated,(2) and others in which even those on the back are similarly relieved, so that the flanks only are granulated. (3) A collar under the neck also approximates these species to the lizards. (4) The Lacerta, properly so called, Or true Lizards, form the second genus of the Lacertians. The ex- tremity of their palate is armed with two rows of teeth, and they are otherwise distinguished from the Ameivas and Sauvegardes by a collar under the neck, formed of a transverse row of large scales, separated from those on the belly by a space covered with small ones only, like those under the throat; and by the circumstance that a part of the cranium projects over their temples and orbits, so as to furnish the whole top of the head with a bony buckler. (1) Such, it appears to me, is the Teyus ocellifer, Splx, xxv. Add the .im. lifterata, Daud. Seb., I, Ixxxiii; — Jim. c(sruleoceph,ala. Id. Seb. I, xc'i, 3; — Am. laterisiriga, Cuv. Seb. I, xc, 7; — Jim. lemniscata {Lacert. lemnis, Gm.), Seb. I, xcii, 4; — Teius iriiamiatus, Spix, xxi, 2; — T. cyanomelas, Pr. Max. Liv. V. [Add^m. 5ex-Zj7icato, Catesb. 68. Am. Ed."] It is impossible to say from what confusion of synonymes Daud. has placed the Am. litterata in Germany; like all the others, it is from America. The Am., gra- phiquc, Daud. Seb. I, Ixxxv, 2, 4, is the Dotted Monitor; his Am. argus, Seb. I, Ixxxv, 3, is the Mon. cepedien,- his goitreux, Seb. 11, ciii, 3, 4, does not differ from the litterata; finally, his tete rouge, Seb. T, xci, 1, 2, is a common Green Lizard. He was probably led into error by the coloured plates of Seba. The Lac. 5-li- neata appears to me to be a L. coerukocephala, a part of whose broken tail had grown again with small scales, as is always the case when that accident happens; the axis of this new portion of the tail is always, also, a cartilaginous stem with- out vertebrse. It is impossible to characterize species by similar accidental cir- cumstances, as Merrem has done in his Teyus mwiitor and cyaneus. (2) In one sex of one of these species, there are two small spines on each side of, the anus, which circumstance gave rise to the genus Ceittbgpxx of Spix, XXII, 2. (3) The Lezard stri^ of Surinam, Daud., Ill, p. 347, of which Fitzinger makes his genus Pseudg-Ameiva. (4) It appears to me that even the Centropyx has palatine teeth; these two sorts of Lizards, however, have the head of an Ameiva, no bone on the orbit, &c. N.B. Fitzinger makes a genus (Trxus) of the Lc'zard teyou, Daud. which should have but four toes to the hind feet; its only foundation, however, is an imperfect description of Azzara, and it does not seem to me sufficiently authentic. SAURIA. 33 They are very numerous. Europe produces several species confounded by Linnaeus under the name of Lacerta agilis. The most beautiful is the Grand LSzard vert ocelU, — Lac. ocellata, Uaud.; Lacep., I, xx; Daud. Ill, xxxiii, from the south of France, Spain, and Italy. It is more than a foot long, with lines of black dots, forming rings or eyes and a kind of embroidery; the young according to M. Edwards is the Lezard gentil, Daud., Ill, xxxi. The Lac. viridis, Daud., Ill, xxxiv, of which the Lac. bilineata, Id. xxxvi, 1, according to the same gentleman, is a variety; — the Lac. sepium, Id. lb, 2, of which the Lac. are- nicola, Id., xxxviii, 2, is a variety; — and the Lac. agilis, Id., xxxviii, 1, are found in the environs of Paris. The south of France produces the Veloce, Pall., to which must be referred the Vosquien, Daud. xxxvi, 2, and some new species.(l) Algyra, Cuv. The tongue, teeth, and femoral pores of the Lizards, but the scales of the back and tail are carinated, those of the belly smooth and im- bricated. The collar is wanting.(2) Tachydromus,(3) Daud. Square and carinated scales on the back, under the belly, and on the tail; no collar nor femoral pores, but on each side of the anus is a small vesicle opening by one of the latter. The tongue still like that of the Lizards, and the body and tail very much elongated. FAMILY III. IGUANIDA.(4) This third great family of Saurians possesses the general form, long tail, and free and unequal toes of the Lacertians ; (1) I add, but with hesitation, the Lac. cericea, Laur., 11,5; argus. Id. 5; ter- restris. Id., Ill, 5. The tiliguerta of Daudin is made up of an American Amei- va and the green Lizard of Sardinia, from a bad description by Cetti. The cceru- kocephala, the lemniscata, the quinquelineata, are Jlmeivas. The sexlineata, Catesb., XLVIII, is a Seps. N.B. With due submission to our author, this appears to be a mistake, the sex- lineata, Catesb., is most certainly an Ameiva. .Am. Ed, (2) Lac. alegyra, Lin. (3) tifxyi and S'ftmy.ov, Quick-runner. (4) Iguane, a name according to Hernandez, f^caliger, &c. originating in St Do- 24 REPTILIA. their eye, ear, &c. are also similarj but their tongue is fleshy, thick, non- extensible, and only emarginated at the tip. They may be divided into two sections ; in the first, or that of the Agamians, there are no palatine teeth. In this section we place the following genera, Stellio, Cuv. In addition to the general characters of the family of the Iguanida, the tail is encircled by rings composed of large and frequently spiny scales. The subgenera are as follows: CoRDYLus, Gronov.(l) The tail, belly and back covered with large scales arranged in transverse rows. The head, like that of the common lizards, is pro- tected by a continuous bony buckler, and covered with plates. In several species the points of the scales on the tail form spiny circles; there are small spines also to those on the sides of the back, on the shoulders, and outsides of the thighs, on which latter there is a line of very large pores. The Cape of Good Hope produces several species long con- founded under the name of Lacerta cordylus, L. These Saurians, whose armour so completely defends them, are a little larger than the common Green Lizard of Europe, and feed on insects.(2) mingo, whose inhabitants must have pronounced it Iliuana, or Jgoana. Accord- ing to Bontius it originated in Java, where the natives call it Leguan. In this case the Portuguese and Spaniards carried it to America transformed to Iguana. They apply it there now to a Sauvegarde, as a true Iguana. This name, as well as that of Guano, has occasionally been given to Monitors of the eastern continent. The reader of travels should bear this in mind; 1 even consider the Leguan of Bon- tius as a Monitor. (1) According to Aristotle, "the Cordylus is the only animal possessing feet and branchix. It swims with its feet and tail, the latter of which, as far as large things can be compared with small, is similar to that of a Silurus. This tail is soft and broad. It has no fins: it lives in marshes, like the Frog: it is a quadruped, and leaves the water: sometimes it is dried up and dies." It is evident that these characters can only belong to the larva of the aquatic Salamander, as M. Schneider has very justly observed. Belon has described this Salamander by the name of Cordyle, but his printer, by mistake, annexed to it the figure of the Lac. nihlicu, L. Rondelet has applied this name to the great Stellio of Egypt, or Caudiverbera of B61on, mistaking the ear, in the figure, for a gill opemng. Between Rondelet and Linnaeus, then, Cordylus has passed for the synonyme of the Caudiverbera. Its special application to the above subgenus is alto- gether arbitrary. Merrem has changed it to ZoNuaus. (2) Daudin has referred several synonymes of Stellio to Cordylus, just as he has SAURIA. 25 Stellio, Daud.(l) The spines of the tail moderate: the head enlarged behind by the muscles of the jaws; the back and thighs bristled here and there with scales larger than the others, and sometimes spiny; small groups of spines surrounding the ear; no pores on the thighs; the tail long, and terminating in a point. But one species is known. Lac. stellio, L. ; the Stellio of the Levant; Seb. I, cvi, f. 1, 2; and better Tournef. Voy. au Lev. I, 120; and Geoff. Descr. de I'Egypte, Rept. II, 3; Koscordylos of the modern Greeks; Har- dun of the Arabs. A foot long; of an olive colour shaded with black; very common throughout the Levant, and particularly so in Egypt. According to Belon it is the faeces of this animal which are collected for the druggists under the names of cor- dylea, crocodilea or stercus lacerti, which were formerly in vogue as a cosmetic; but it would rather appear that the ancients at- tributed this name and quality to those of the Monitor. The Mahometans kill the present Stellio wherever they see it, be- cause, as they say, it mocks them by bowing the head, as they do when at prayer. DoRYPHORUS, CuV. The pores wanting as in the Stellios, but the body is not bristled with small groups of spines.(2) Uromastix,(3) Cuv. — Stellions Batards, Daud. Mere Stellios, whose head is not enlarged, all the scales of their refeiTed to Stellio several synonymes of the Geckotte. There are four species in Fi-ance: Curd, griseus. Nob., Seb. I, Ixxxiv, 4; — the C. niger, the ridges of whose scales are more blunt, Seb., II, Ixii, 5; — the C. dorsalis; — the C. microlepidotus. There are also some Cordylesat the Cape of G. Hope, whose scales, (eventhose on the tail) are almost destitute of spines (C hsvigatus, Nob.). (1) The Stellio of the Latins was a spotted Lizard that lived in holes of walls. It was considered the enemy of man, venomous and cunning-. Hence the term delUonate, or Fraud in the contract. It was probably the Tarentole, or the Gecko tuberculeux of the south of Europe, Geckotte of Lacep., as conjectured by various authors, and lately by M. Schneider. There is nothing to justify its application to the present species; IJelon, if I am not mistaken, was the first who abused it thus. (2) Stellio brevicaudatus, Seb., II, Ixxii, 6- Daud., IV, pi- 47. St. nzureus, Daud., Id. 46. (3) Caudiverberu and js/icz/zxr/j ai-e not ancient names. They were coined by Ambrosinus for the great Egyptian species, of which Belon had said " cauda atro- cissime diverberare creditur." Linnaeus was the first who applied it to a Gecko, and Vol. IL—D 26 REPTILIA. body being small, smooth and uniform, and those of the tail still larger and more spiny than in the common Stellio; but there are none beneath. There is a series of pores under their thighs. Slellio spinipes, Daud.; Foiteite-queuc d'Egypfc, Geoff. Rept. d'Egyp. pi. II, f. 2. Two or three feet longj the body inflated; altogether of a fine grass green; small spines on the thighs; the tail only spiny above. Found in the deserts which surround Egypt; it was formerly described by Belon, who says, but with- out adducing proof, that it is the terrestrial Crocodile of the ancients. (l) Agama, Daud.(2) The Agamse bear a great resemblance to the common Stellios, particularly in their inflated head; but the scales of their tail, which are imbricate and not verticillate, distinguish them from that genus. Their maxillary teeth are nearly similar, and there are none in the palate. In the Common Agama, The scales are raised in points or tubercles; spines either singly or in groups bristle on various parts of the body, the vicinity of the ear especially. A row of them is sometimes found on the neck, but without forming that palisado-like crest which characterizes the Calotes. The skin of the throat is lax, plaited transversely, atid sus- ceptible of being inflated. In some species are found femoral pores. The •^g. burbata, N. is very remarkable for its size and extraor- dinary figure; a suite of large spiny scales extend along its back and tail in transverse bands, and approximate it to the Stellios. other authors have given it to different Saurians. Add Urorn. griseus of New Holland; — Ur. rcticuluius of Bengal; — Ur. acantinuru.t,Jie\\. Zool. Jour., I, 457, if it be a distinct species. N.D. The flat-tailed Stellio of New Holland, Daud. is a Phyllurus. (1) It is a Uromastix that is described by M. de Lacep. Kept. H, 497, under the name of Quetzpako, which is that of another Saurian, to be spoken of here- after. — Add, Ur. ornatus, Ruppel. (2) Jlgama, from ctynf/.o;, bachelor. Why Linnccus gave this name to one of these Lizards, it is impossible to conjecture; Daudin has extended it to the whole of the subgenus to which this species belongs, and thinks that Jlgama is the name given to it in the country of which it is a native. A new species called iwquata has lately been described by Messrs Pcale and Green, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. VI, p. 231, from Mexico, which they con- sider as approaching the nigricollis, Spix. .^m. Ed. SAURIA. 27 The throat, which can be greatly inflated, is covered with elon- gated and pointed scales, which constitute a sort of beard. Similar scales bristle on the flanks, and form two oblique crests behind the ears; yellowish spots edged with black under the belly. We must not confound with it the Lac. muricata, Sh. ; the Muricated Agama of the same country. Gen. Zool., Vol. Ill, part 1, pi. Ixv, f. xi; White, p. 244, in which the raised scales are disposed in longitudinal bands, be- tween which are two series of spots paler than the ground, which is a blackish brown. It usually attains a large size. Other species have no femoral pores. Ag. colonoriim, Daud.; Seb. I, cvii, 3.(1) Brownish, with a long tail; a small row of short spines on the neck; from Af<:ica, and not, as is asserted, from Guiana. There is a smaller Agama at the Cape, with a moderate tail, varied with brown and yellowish, bristled above with raised and pointed scales, the Ag. aculeata, Merr. -,(2) Seb., I, viii, 6, Ixxxiii, 1 and 2, cix, 6; its belly sometimes assumes an inflated form, which leads to the Tapayes — Agames Orbiculaires, Daud. in part, Which are mere Agamae, with an inflated abdomen and a short and thin tail. Such is Lac. orbicularis, L.; Tapayaxin of Mexico, Hern. 327. The back is spinous, and the belly sprinkled with blackish points.(3) (1) Nothing can surpass the confusion in the synonymes quoted by authors with respect to the different species of Lizards, and chiefly of the Agamae, Calotes and StelUos. As regards the Agayna, for instance, Daudin quotes from Gmelin, Seb., I, cvii, 1 and 2, which are Stellios; Sloane, Jam., II, cclxxiii, 2, which is an Anolis, Edw. ccxlv, 2, which is also an Anolis,- and the same fig. is again quoted by him and Gmel. for the Polychrus. Shaw even copies it to represent that same animal, with which it has nothing in common. Seb., I, cvii, 3, which is the true Ag. colonorum, Hand., is cited by Men-em as .;^^. superciliosa,- and Seb., I, cix, 6, which is his aculeata, is quoted as orbicularis, &c. (2) The Agame a pitrreries, Daud. IV, 410; Seb. I, viii, 6, is merely the young of this spiny Agama of the Cape, whose colours are more various than those of the adult. Add V Agame sombre [Ag. atra\ Daud., Ill, 349; rough, blackish; a yel- lowish line along the back; — the Ag. ombre {Lac. umbra) Daud., which is not the Lac. umbra, Lin. but distinguished from it by five lines of veiy small spines, which extend along the back, &c. (3) I do not think the subgenus of the Tapayes can be preserved; the species of Hernandez [Lac. orbicularis, L.), Hern., p. 327, does not appear to differ from the Agama com«to of Harlan, Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc. IV, pi. xlv, or, if at all, only from the sex. Daudin has put in its place, tom. Ill, pi. xlv, f. 1, the adult of the Tap. segyptius. 28 REPTILIA. Trapelus, Cuv. The form and teeth of the Agamae, but the scales are small and without spines; no pores on the thighs. Trap. Mgyptius; Lc Changeant (VEgypte, Geoff. Rep. d'Eg. pi. V, f. 3, 4; the adult, Daud. Ill, xlv, 1, under the name of Orbiculaire, is a little animal whose body is also sometimes in- flated, and remarkable for changing its colours even more sud- denly than the Chameleon. When young it is entirely smooth; there are some larger scales scattered among the small ones on the body of the adult. (1) Leiolepis, Cuv. The teeth of an Agama, the head less inflated, and completely covered with very small, smooth, and compact scales. Pores on the thighs.(2) The Tropidolepis, Cuv. Still similar to the Agamae in teeth and form, but regularly co- vered with imbricated and carinated scales. The femoral pores are strongly marked.(3) The Leposoma, Spix — Tropidosaurus, Boie, Only dlflers from Tropidolepis, by having no pores. (4) Calotes, Cuv. (5) The Calotes differ from the Agamae in being regularly covered (1) It is difficult to establish precise limits between this subgenus and certain short, tiiick AgamK, that have but few spines. (2) There is a species in Cochin China that is blue, with white stripes and spots, and a long- tail [Leil. guttatus, Cuv.). (3) .%. undulala, Daud., a species that is found throughout America, remark- able for a white cross under the throat, on a black-blue ground. The .Hg. nigri- collaris, Spix, XVI, 2, and cydurus, XVIIl, f 1, are at least closely allied to it. (4) Spix has not expressed himself with precision in saying that the scales of his leposoma are vcrticillate, and tliis it is wiiich has deceived M. Fitzinger. The genus Tropidosaurus was made by Uoie from a small species from Cochin China, which is in the Cabinet du lloi. (5) Pliny says that the Stellio of tlie Latins was called by tiie Greeks Gukotes, Colotes, and Jlskuldlmtes. It was, as we have seen, the Geckottc of Lacep. Its appli- cation by LiniiKus to his Lac. calotes is arbitrary, and was suggested to him by Seba. Spix comprises our Calotes in his genus 1-ophyhu.s, which is not tiie sajne as that of Dumcril. SAURIA. 29 with scales, arranged like tiles, frequently carinated and terminating in a point on the body as well as the limbs and tail, which is very long; those on the middle of the back are more or less turned up, and compressed into spines forming a crest of variable extent. They have no visible pores on the thighs, which, added to their teeth, dis- tinguishes them from the Iguanae. The most common species, Lac. calotes, L.; Seb. I, Ixxxix, 2; xciii, 2j xcv, 3 and 4^ Daud., Ill, xliii; Agama ophiomachus, Merr., is of a pretty light blue with transverse white streaks on the sides; there are two rows of spines behind the ear. From the East Indies. It is called a Chameleon in the Moluccas, al- though it does not change its colours. The eggs are fusi- form.(l) In the LopHYRUs, Dumeril, The scales on the body are similar to those of the Agamae; there is also a crest of palisado-like scales still higher than that of the Calotes. The tail is compressed and the femoral pores are wanting. A remarkable species is, Agama gigantea,(2) Kuhl; Seb. I, c. 2, whose dorsal crest is placed very high on the neck, and is formed of several rows of vertical scales; two bony ridges, one on each side, extend from the muzzle to the eye, where they terminate in a point, and join (1) Add the .Sg. gutturosa, Merr. or cristntella, Kuhl^ blue, without bands, and small scales onthebacki Seb., I, Ixxxix, 1; — the Ag. cristata, MeiT., Seb. I, xciii, 4, and II, Ixxvi, 5, a reddish brown, with blackish brown scattered spots, of which the Agavie arkquine, Daud. Ill, xliv, is the young'; — the Ag. vultuosa, Harl. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sc.lV, xix.* All these species are from the East Indies; the Lophyrus ochrocoUaris and margaritaceus, Spix, XU, 2, are American Calotes; the first is the same sls the Agama pida, Pr. Max.; the Loph. panthera, Spix, pi. xxiii, f. 1, is the young of the same. Add to these American Calotes Loph. rlwmbifer, Spix, xi, of which the Loph. albomaxillaris, Id., XXIII, f. 2, is tlae young-; — Loph. auroni- tens, Spix, pi. xiii. We might separate from the other Calotes a species from Cochin China, with a smooth back, without any visible scales; the belly, limbs and tail covered with carinated scales (Ca7. kpidogaster, Nob.); the Ag. catenaiu, Pr. Max. liv. V, may belong to this gi'oup. N.B. The designer of Seba's plates has given to most of his Iguanae, Agamse, Calotes, &c. extensible and forked tongues, drawn from imagination. (2) It is difficult to imagine the reason that Induced Kuhl to call this Saurian gigantic, as it is not larger than its most closely allied Agamx and Calotes. * From the observations of Major Le Conte, it would seem that wliat is here called the Ag. vultuosa is the young of another species. Am. Ed. 30 REPTILIA. on the temple. This singular Saurian appears to belong to In- dia. The GONOCEPHALUS, Kaup. Is closely allied to Lophyrus; the cranium also forms a sort of disk by means of a ridge which terminates in a notch above each eye. There is a dewlap and a crest on the neck. The tympanum is visible. (l) Lyriocephalus, Merr. In addition to the characters of a Lophyrus, the species of this subgenus have a tympanum concealed under the skin and muscles, like that of the Chameleon: they also have a dorsal crest and a ca-. rinated tail. In the species known, Lyrio margaritaceus, Merr.j Lacerta scutata, L. ; Seb. cix, c, the bony crest of the eye-brows is still larger than in the Ag. gigantea, and terminates behind, on each side, in a sharp point. Large scales are scattered among the small ones on the body and limbs; imbricated and carinated scales on the tail; a soft, though scaly enlargement on the end of the muzzle. This truly singular species is found in Bengal and other parts of India.(2) It feeds on grain. Brachylophus, Cuv. Small scales; the tail somewhat compressed; a slightly salient crest on the neck and back; a small dewlap, a series of pores on each thigh, and, in a word, a strong resemblance to the Iguanae; but they have no palatine teeth; those of the jaws are denticulate. Such is L'Jgiicmc a bandes, Brong., Essai et Mem. des Sav. Etr. I, pi. X, f. 5. From India. It is a deep blue, with light blue bands. (1) Isis, 1825, 1, p. 590, pi. iii. (2) From this Lyriocephalus, the Pseustes of Merrem and the Phrtnocepiia- I.1TS of Kaup, Fitzinger forms a family called Pneustoidea, which he approximates to that of the Chameleons. The Pneustes depend altogether on a vague and im- perfect description of Azzara, II, 401, on which, also, Daudin had estabhshed his Agame a queue prenante. III, 440; Azzar. says that its ear is not visible, probably because it is very small. The PnTsocEPiiALtrs is composed of the Lac. guttata and the Lac- uralensis, Lepechin. Voy. I, p. 317, pi. xxii, f. 1 and 2, which form but one species. Kaup asserts that it has no external tympanum (Isis of 1825, I, 591). Not having seen these animals, I hesitate as to their classification. Another sub- genus will probably have to be made of the Lezard a oreilks [Lac. aurita. Pall.), Daud., Ill, xlv, remarkable for the faculty it possesses of inflating the two sides of the head under the ears: I have not, however, been able to examine it. SAURIA. 31 Physignathus, Cuv. The same teeth, scales, and pores; the head very much enlarged behind, and without the dewlap; a crest of large pointed scales on the back and tail, which is strongly compressed. Ph, cocincinus, Nob. is a large species from Cochin China; blue, with stout scales, and some spines on the enlargements of the sides of the head. It lives on fruit, 8cc. IsTiuRUSj Cuv. — LoPHURA, Gray.(l) The distinguishing character of this genus consists in an elevated and trenchant crest, which extends along a part of the tail, and which is supported by high spinous apophyses of the vertebrae; this crest is scaly like the rest of the body; the scales on the belly and tail are small, and approach somewhat to a square form; the teeth are strong, compressed, and without denticulations: there ai'e none in the pa- late: there is a series of femoral pores. The skin of the throat is smooth and lax, but without forming a dewlap. Lac. amhoinensis., Gm.; Le Porte-Crete, Lacep.; Schlosser, Monog., cop. Bonnat. Erpet. pi. v, f. 2. The crest confined to the origin of the tail; some spines on the front of the back; lives in water, or on the shrubs about its shores; feeds on seeds and worms. We have discovered in its stomach both leaves and insects. It is sometimes found four feet in length. Its flesh is edible. Draco, L.(2) The Dragons a^e distinguished at the first glance, from all other Saurians, by their first six false ribs, which, instead of encircling the abdomen, extend outwards in a straight line, and support a pro- duction of the skin, forming a kind of wing that may be compared to that of a Bat, but which is not connected with the four feet; it acts like a parachute in supporting them, when they leap from one branch to another, but has not sufficient power to enable them to (1) I have changed this name of Lophura, which is too much like that of Lo- phyrus. (2) The term Spuum, draco, generally designated a large Serpent; Dragons, with a crest or beard, are spoken of by ancient writers, a description which can only apply to the Iguana,- Lucian is the first who mentions Flying Dragons, allud- ing, no doubt, to the pretended Flying Serpents treated of by Herodotus; St Au- gustine, and other subsequent authors, ever after described Dragons as having wings. 32 REPTILIA. rise like a Bird. They are small animals, completely invested with little imbricated scales, of which those on the tail and limbs are ca- rinated. Their tongue is fleshy, but slightly extensible, and some- what emarginate. A long pointed dewlap hangs under their throat, supported by the tajl of the os hyoides; there are also two smaller ones on the sides attached to the horns of the same bone. The tail is long; there are no porous granules on the thighs, and there is a lit- tle notch on the nape of the neck. Four small incisors are found in each jaw, and on each side a long and pointed canine, and twelve triangular and tribolate grinders. They consequently have the scales and dewlap of the Iguanae, with the head and teeth of the Stellio. All the known species are from the East Indies; they were con- founded for a great length of time, but Daudin has accurately determined their specific differences.(l) SiTANA, Cuv.(2) Teeth of the Agamac and four canini; body and limbs covered with imbricated and carinated scales; no pores on the thighs; but their ribs are not extended outwards. It is distinguished by an enormous dewlap which reaches to the middle of the belly, and which is twice the height of the animal. Sit. ponticeriana, Cuv. is the only known species, and is from the East Indies, It is small, fawn-coloured, and has a series of broad, brown, rhomboid al spots along the back. It is perhaps to this tribe of Agamians that we should ap- proximate a very extraordinary reptile vvhicK is only to be found among the fossils of the old Jura limestone formation. Pterodactylus, Cuv. (3) It had a short tail, an extremely long neck, and a very large head; the jaws armed with equal and pointed teeth; but its chief charac- ter consisted in the excessive elongation of the second toe of the fore-foot, which was more than double the length of the trunk, and most probably served to support some membrane which enabled the animal to fly, like that upheld by the ribs of the dragon. The second section of the Iguanian family, that of the Igua- (1) The Dragon ray c; — ihc Drug, verf, Daud-, III, xli; — the Drag. bnin. (2) Sitan is the name of the species on the Coast of Coromandel. (3) See my Oss. foss. 2d ed. Vol. V, p. 2, pi. xiiii. SAURIA. 33 NiANS proper, is distinguished from the first by having teeth in the palate. Iguana, Cuv. In Iguana, properly so called, the body and tail are covered with small imbricated scalesj along the entire length of the back, is a range of spines, or rather of recurved, compressed, and pointed scalesj beneath the throat a pendent, compressed devplap, the edge of which is supported by a cartilaginous process of the hyoid bone; a series of porous tubercles on their thighs as in the true Lizards; the head covered with plates. Each jaw is surrounded with a row of compressed, triangular teeth, whose cutting edge is denticulate; two small rows of the same on the posterior edge of the palate. Jg. tuberculata, Laur.; Lac. Iguana, L.; Seb. I, xcv, I, xcvii, 3, xcviii, 1. (The Common American Iguana. )(1) Yellowish green above, marbled with pure green; the tail annulated with brown; preserved in alcohol it appears blue, changing to green and vio- let, and dotted with black; paler beneath; a crest of large spini- form dorsal scales; a large round plate under the tympanum at the angle of the jaAvs; sides of the neck furnished with pyramidi- cal scales scattered among the others; anterior edge of the dewlap denticulate like the back; from four to five feet in length: com- mon in South America where its flesh is esteemed delicious, al- though unwholesome, particularly for syphilitic patients. It lives mostly on trees, occasionally visits the water and feeds on fruit, grain, and leaves; the female lays her eggs in the sand, they are the size of those of a Pigeon, agreeable to the taste and almost without white. IJIguane ardoise, Daud.; Seb. I, xcv, 2, xcvi, 4. (The Slate- coloured Iguana.) A uniform violet blue, paler beneath; the dorsal spines smaller; otherv/ise, similar to the preceding, both of them having an oblique whitish line on the shoulder. The latter is from the same country as the former, and is probably a mere variety of age or sex. (2) Ig. nudicoUis, Cuv.; Mus. Besler. tab. XIII, f. 3; Jg. delicatis- sima, Laur., resembles the common one, particularly in its dor- sal crest, but has no infra-tympanal plate, nor the scattered tu- (1) The Mexicans caXWt AquaquetzpalUa, Hemand.; the Brazilians, Senembi, Marcgr. (2) I have every reason to think that this same conclusion should be extended to the Iguanas of Spix, pi. v, vi, vii, viii, and ix: they seem to me to be nothing more than various ages of the common species. Vol.. II.— E 34 REPTILIA. bercles on the sides of the neck. The top of the cranium Is furnished with arched plates; the occiput is tuberculous; the dewlap is moderate, and has but few indentations, and those only before. Laurenti says its habitat is India, but he is mistaken; we have received it from the Brazils, and from Guadaloupe.(l) Jg. cornuta,, Cuv.; Ig. comu de St Bomingue, Lace p.; Bonn at. Encyc. Method. Erpetolog. Lezards, pi. iv, f. 4. (The Horned Iguana.) Similar to the Common Iguana, and still more so to the preceding species, but is distinguished by a conical, osseous point between the eyes, and by two scales raised up over the nostrils; the infra-tympanal plate is deficient as well as the tu- bercles on the neck, but the scales on the jaws are embossed. Jg. cychlura,C\iv. (The Carolina Iguana.). No infra-tympanal plate or small spines on the neck, but carinated scales, rather larger than the rest, form cinctures on the tail at separate intervals.(2) Ophryessa, Boie. Small imbricated scales; a slightly salient dorsal crest, extending on the tail, which is compressed; denticulated maxillary teeth, and teeth in the palate: circumstances which approximate them to Iguana; but they have no dewlap, nor femoral pores. Lac. superciliosa, L. ; Seb. I, cix, 4; Lophyrus xiphurus, Spix, X, so called from a membranous carina which forms its eye- brow, is an American species, of a fawn colour, with a festoon- ed brown band along each flank. Basiliscus, Daud. No pores; palatine teeth; the body covered with small scales; on the back and tail a continuous and elevated crest supported by the spinous apophyses of the vertebrae, like that on the tail of the Is- tiuri. The species known, Lacerta basiliscus, L., Seb^ I, c. 1; Daud. Ill, xlii, is recognized by the hood-like membranous prominence of its occiput, that is supported by cartilage. It attains a large size, is bluish, with two white bands, one behind the eye, the (1) I suspect the .imUyrhynchus cristatus. Bell. Zool. Journ. 1, Supp. p. xii, la a badly prepared specimen of my nudicollis. (2) It also appears to me that this Iguana is the same which Dr Harlan (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phil. IV, pi. xv,) calls Cychlura carinata,- but in this case there must be some mistake, as in the Amblyrhynchus, relative to the palatine teeth. These teeth exist in all my Iguanas. SAURIA. 35 other back of the jaws, which are lost on the shoulder.(l) It is from Guiana, and feeds on grain. POLYCHRUS, CuV. Teeth in the palate as in Iguana, and femoral pores, though the latter are not strongly marked; but the body is covered with small scales, and is destitute of a crest. The head is covered with plates; tail long and slender; throat very extensible, so that a dewlap is formed at the will of the animal, which, like the Chameleon, possesses the faculty of changing colour; the lungs, consequently, are very vo- luminous, occupy nearly the whole trunk, and are divided into seve- ral branches; the false ribs, like those of the chameleon, surround the abdomen by uniting so as to form perfect circles. Lac. marmorata, L.; MarbrS de la Guiane, Lacep. I, xxvi; Seb. II, Ixxvi, 4; Spix, XIV. Reddish-grey, marbled with irre- gular transverse bands of a brown-red, sometimes mixed with blue; the tail very long. Common in Guiana.(2) EcPHiMOTus, Fitzinger. Teeth and pores of a Polychrus, but small scales on the body only; on the tail, which is very thick, they are large, pointed, and carinate; the head is covered with plates. Their form is somewhat short, and flattened, more like that of certain Agamse than of a Polychrus. The most common species, Agama tuberculata, Spix, XV, 1, or Tropidurus torquatus, Pr. Max. (3) is ash-coloured, sprinkled with whitish drops, and has a black semi-collar on each side of the neck. It inhabits Brazil. Oplurus, Cuv.(4) Teeth of a Polychrus and the form of an Agama, but no pores on the thighs, and the pointed and carinated scales of the tail ally it to that of a Stellio; the dorsal scales also are pointed and carinate, but very small. One species only is known. (1) It is on the authority of Seba that this species has hitherto been considered as hihabiting India — it does not inhabit that country. (2) Add, Pol. acutirostres, Spix, XIV. (3) The Tropidurus of Pr. Max. de Wied. is not, as he imagined, the Quetzpaleo of Seba, although it is also marked with black semi-collars. (4) The name of Quetzpaleo, given by Seba to the above species, seems to be a corruption of the Mexican Jgua quetz pallia, which appears to be a name of the Iguana; the Quetzpaleo of Lacep., Rept. 4to, II, 497, is a Uromastix; but the figure quoted is that of Seba's animal. 36 REPTILIA. Opl. iorquatus, Cuv. (The Black-collared Grey Quetzpaleo.) A black half collar on each side of the neck. From Brazil. Anolius, Cuv.(l) In addition to all the peculiarities of form of the Iguana, and par- ticularly of the Polychrus, these animals have a very peculiar and distinctive character: the skin of their toes is spread out under the antepenultimate phalanx into an oval disk transversely striated be- neath, which assists them to attach themselves to various surfaces, to which, independently of this, they cling with great pertinacity by means of their nails, which are very much hooked. Their body and tail, moreover, are uniformly roughened with small scales, and most of them have a dewlap under the throat, which under the excitement of passion becomes inflated and changes colour. Several enjoy the faculty of changing the colour of their skin, to an equal degree with the Chameleon. Their ribs form entire circles like those of the Polychrus and Cameleon. Their teeth are trenchant and denticulate, as in Polychrus and Iguana, and they are even found in the pa- late. The skin of their tail is doubled into slight folds or depres- sions, each of which contains some circular rows of scales. This genus appears to be peculiar to America. The tail of some is ornamented with a crest supported by the spi- nous apophyses of the vertebrae, as in Istiurus and Basiliscus.(2) Jin. velifer^ Nob. (The Great Crested Anolis.) A foot long; a crest on the tail occupying half its length, supported by from twelve to fifteen rays; the dewlap extends under the belly. Its colour is a blackish ash-blue. From Jamaica and the other Antilles. We have found berries in its stomach. Lac. bimaculata, Sparm. (The Little Crested Anolis.) Half the size of the preceding; the same crest; greenish, dotted with brown about the muzzle and on the flanks. From North Ame- rica and several of the Antilles, t^n. equestrisy Merr. Fawn-colour, shaded with an ashy lilac; (1) .SnoU, Anoalli, the name of these Saurians in the Antilles; Gronovius, very gratuitously, has applied it to the Jlmeiva. Bochefort, from whose work it was taken, only gives a copy of the Teyuguagu of Marcgrave, or the Great Sauvegarde of Guiana. Nicholson seems to assert that this name is applied to several species, and the one he describes appears to be the Jin. roquet, which, in fact, was sent to the Museum from Martinique under the name of Jlnolis. MM. de Tonnes has even ascertained that it is the only one by which it is now known. (2 They have been confounded with each other, and with some of the following ones, under the names of Lac. principalis and bimaculata. SAURIA. 37 a white band on the shoulder? tail so fleshy that the apophyses of its crest cannot be perceived; a foot long. Others again have a round tail, or one that is merely a little com- pressed. Their species are numerous, and have been partly confounded under the names of Roquet, Goitreux, Rouge-gorge, and Anolis, — Lac. strumosa and bullaris, L. They inhabit the hot parts of America and the Antilles, and change colour with astonishing facility, particularly in hot weather. When angry, their dewlap becomes inflated and as red as a cherry. These animals are not so large as the Grey Lizard of Europe, and feed on insects which they actively pursue; it is said that whenever two of them meet, a furious combat inevitably ensues. The species of the Antilles, or the Roquet of Lacep. I, pi. xxvii, which is more particularly the Lac. bullaris, Gm., has a short muzzle speckled with brown, and salient eye-lids; its usual colf)ur is greenish. Its round tail excepted, it closely re- sembles the Lac. bimaculata. The £nolis raye, Daud. IV, xlviii, 1, only differs from it in a series of black lines on the flank. It seems to be identical with the Lac. strumosa, L. Seb. II, XX, 4, and is somewhat longer than the preceding species. The Carolina Anolis, Iguane goitreux, Brongn. Catesb. I, Ixvi, is of a fine golden green; a black band on the temple and a long and flattened muzzle give it a peculiar physiognomy and render it a very distinct species.(l) It is to this family of the IguansB with palatine teeth, that be- longs an enormous fossil reptile known by the name of the Maestricht Animal, and for which the new name of Mosasau- Rus has recently been coined. (2) (1) Add the Anolis a points blancs, Daud. IV, xlviii, 2; — An. viridis, Pr. Max. lib. VI; — An. gracilis. Id. and several other species, of which, unfortunately, I have no figures to cite. (2) See Oss. foss. Vol. V, part. II. Many large reptiles have been discovered in a fossil state, which it appears should be approximated to this family, but their characters are not sufficiently known to enable us to class them with precision. Such are the Geosaurus disco- vered by Soemmering, the Megalosaxjrus of M. Buckland, the Iguasodon of M. Mantell, &c. See Oss. Foss. ut sup. 38 REPTILIA. FAMILY IV. GECKOTIDA. This family is composed of nocturnal lizards which are so similar that they may be left in one genus. Gecko, Daud. — Askalarotes, Cuv. — Stellio, Schn.(l) The Geckos are Saurians which do not possess the elongated graceful form of those of which we have hitherto spoken, but on the contrary are flattened, the head particularly. Their feet are mode- rate, and the toes almost equal; their gait is a heavy kind of crawl- ing; very large eyes, whose pupil becomes narrowed at the ap- proach of light, like that of a cat, render them noct^-nal animals, which secrete themselves during the day in dark places. Their very short eye-lids are completely withdrawn between the eye and the orbit, which gives them a different aspect from other Saurians. Their tongue is fleshy and non-extensible; their tympanum some- what sunk; their jaws every where furnished with a range of very small closely-joined teeth; their palate without teeth; their skin is studded above with very small granular scales, among which are often found larger tubercles, and beneath, covered with scales some- what smaller, which are flat and imbricated. Some species have the femoral pores. There are circular plaits on the tail as on that of an Anolis, but when broken, it grows without these folds, and even (where there are any naturally) without tubercles; circum- stances which have led to an undue multiplication of species. This genus is numerous and disseminated throughout the warm portions of both continents. The melancholy and heavy air of the Gecko superadded to a certain resemblance it bears to the Salaman- der and the Toad, have rendered it the object of hatred, and caused it to be considered as venomous, but of this there is no real proof. The toes of most of them are widened along the whole or part of their length, and furnished beneath with regular plaits of skin, which enable them to adhere so closely, that they are sometimes seen crawling along ceilings. Their nails are variously retractile, and preserve their point and edge, which, conjointly with their eyes, au- (1) Gecko, a name ^ven to a species in India, in imitation of its cry, just as ano- ther one is termed Tockaie at Siam, and a third Geitje at the Cape; ,. ... -1 (1) So far as wc can judge from the figure, the Theciidacti/fits policaris and the Gecko acukaUis, Spix, XVllI, 2 anil 3, 5Q^m to be different ages of this Mabouia dcs piuraillcit. MAI. de Joniu\s h:is glvon :i nionogiMi>h of thoni, but ho confounds it with different sjiocies. (2) To tliis division, also belong tbc (i.,'i tuliorulcs triains and the G. iin};'(-r riiid Ix-tler coloured speci- men of tlie limx. (2) Kroni wJuov, fun. (3) According- to llrup6rc's description, the Sarroubc oi Miid;ig";isc:ir hiis:d! the chuructcrs of the Fiiino-cantnitu, i;xcci)t the fringe und a deficiency of the tliuml) in the fore leet. M . I'il/.ing'er hus taken il for his geniih Sauiujiia. SAURIA. 43 We may make a fifth division, the Spheriodactyli, Of certain small Geckos, the ends of whose toes terminate in a little pellet without folds, but always with retractile nails. When this pellet is double or emarginated in front, they are closely allied to the simple Ptyodactyli. The species known are from the Cape or from India: such is the G. porphyrS, Daud. Reddish-grey, marbled and dotted with brown. (1) Most generally the pellet is simple and round. The species are all American: such is the G. sputateicr a bandcs, Lacep., Rept. I, pi. xxviii, f. 1. A small species, prettily marked with transverse brown bands laid on a red ground: common in the houses of St Domingo where it is also called the Mabouia. There is a neighbouring species in the same island, but which is of a uniform ash-co- lour. Id., lb. f. 2. Finally, there are some Saurians which, possessing all the cha- racters of Geckos, have no enlargement of the toes. Their five nails however are retractile. Some of them have a round tail, and the toes striate beneath and indented along the sides, constituting the Stenodactyli. There is one in Egypt, Sten. guttatus, Egyp., Rept. pi. V, f. 2.(2) Smooth, grey, sprinkled with whitish spots. Others have naked and slender toes: those which have a round tail form the Gymnodactyli, Spix. Some of these are found in America with regular suites of small tubercles. The Gymnodactylus geckoides, Spix, X, viii, 1, also ap- pears to be one of them. Others again have their tail flattened horizontally, so as to resem- ble the shape of a leaf. Phyllurus. Only one species is known, and that is from New Holland, (1) Daudin was mistaken in considering this Geckoas an American species, and synonymous witli the mahouia. (2) Under the improper name o{ Jigame ponchie. It is reprochiced in tlie Siipp. pi. 1, f. 2; and a neighbouring species, f. 4. 44 REPTILIA. Steltio phyllums, Schn.: Lacerta plainra, White, New South Wa., p. 246, f. 2.(1) Grey marbled with brown above; com- pletely covered with small pointed tubercles. We are compelled to establish FAMILY V, CHAM^LEONIDA, For the single geniis^ CHAMiELEO,(2) Or the Chameleons, which is very distinct from all other saurian genera, and is not even easily intercalated in their series. Their skin is roughened by scaly granules, their body compressed, and the back — if we may so express it — trenchant; tail round and prehensile; five toes to each foot, but divided into two bundles, one containing two, the other three, each bundle being united by the skin down to the nails; the tongue fleshy, cylindrical, and susceptible of great extension; teeth trilobate; eyes large, but nearly covered by the skin, except a small hole opposite to the pupil, and possessing the faculty of moving independently of each other; no visible ex- ternal ear, and the occiput pyramidically elevated. Their first ribs are joined to the sternum; the following ones are extended each to its fellow on the opposite side, so as to enclose the abdomen by an entire circle. Their lungs are so enormous, that when inflated, their body seems to be transparent, a circumstance which induced the; ancients to believe that they fed on air. They live on insects which they capture with the viscid extremity of their tongue, the only part of their body which seems to be endowed with quickness of motion, as in every thing else they are remarkable for their ex- cessive slowness. The great extent of theii* lungs is probably the cause of their faculty of changing colour, which takes place, not as is thought in conformity with the hue of the bodies on which they rest, but according to their wants and passions. Their lungs, in fact, render them more or less transparent, compel the blood in a greater or less degrfee to return to the skin, and even colour that fluid more (1) Referred by Daudin to Siellio; why, it is difficult to say. (2) XafAAtxioov (Little Lion), the Grecian name of this animal. Aristotle, who uses it, has also given an excellent description of it. Hist. An, Lib. 11, cap. xi. SAURIA. 45 or l6s§ vividly in proportion to the quantity of air they contain. They always remain on trees. Lac. africana, Gm. j CamHeon ordinaire, Lacep., I, xxii; Seb. I, Ixxxii, 1, Ixxxiii, 4.(1) (The Common Chameleon.) The hood pointed and relieved by a ridge in front; the granules on the skin equal and closej the superior crest indented as far as half the length of the back, the inferior to the anus. The hood of the female does not project so much and the denticulations of her crests are smaller. From Egypt, Barbary, and even the south of Spain, and India. Cham, tigris, Cuv. Another similar species from the Se- chelles with a hood resembling that on the female of the pre- ceding^ the granules on the skin fine and equal; it is distin- guished by a denticulated and compressed appendage under the extremity of its lower jaw. The body is sprinkled with black points. Cham, verrucosus, Cuv. A third neighbouring species from the island of Bourbon, marked by granules larger than the others which are scattered among themj and by a series of Warts, parallel to the back at about two thirds of its height. The hood is like that on the female of the common onej the notches on the back are deeper, those on the belly the reverse. Cham, pumilus, Daud. IV, liiij Lacerta pufnlla, Gm.; Cham, margaritaceus, Merr; Seb. Ixxxii, 4, 5. The hood directed back- wards; warts scattered on the flanks, limbs and tail; numerous, compressed, finely notched appendages (lambeaux) under the throat, which vary in each individual. Found at the Cape, Isle of France and the Sechelles.(2) Ch. planiceps, Merr., Seb. I, Ixxxiii, 2; Lacerta chamaelion, Gm. The hood flattened, and almost destitute of a ridge; its figure is a horizontal parabola. Found in Senegal, Barbary, and even in Georgia. Ch. pardalis, Cuv. The hood flat like that of the Senegal spe- cies; but there is a little prominent edge to its muzzle, in front of the mouth; larger granules scattered among the smaller ones, and the body irregularly marked with round black spots, edged with white. From the isle of France. Ch. Parsonii, Cuv. Phil. Trans. LVIII. Another species, with a flat hood, which is slightly truncated behind; crest of the eye- (1) The Cam. trapu, Egyp. Kept. TV, 3; Ch. carinaius,'Mevr., Ch. suhcroceus, Id. ? (2) I believe the Cham, seickellensis of Kuh\ to be a female of the pumilus. 46 REPTILIA. brow prolonged and turned up, on each side of the end of the muz- zle, into an almost vertical lobe. The granules are equal, and there is no emargination either above or beneath.(l) Finally, the Ch. bifurcus, Brongn.j Camkleon des Moluques a nez fourchu; Daud. IV, liv, has a semicircular flat hood; two large compress- ed, salient prominences in front of the muzzle, which varies in length; probably a sexual difference. The granules are equal, the body is sprinkled with closely set blue spots, and at the bottom of each flank is a double series of white ones. FAMILY VI. SCINCOIDEA. Known by their short feet, non-extensible tongue, and the equal scales which cover the body and tail, like tiles. SciNcus, Daud. Four short feet; the body and tail almost one continued and uniform piece; no enlargement of the occiput; without crest or dewlap, and covered with uniform, shining scales, arranged like tiles, or those of a Carp. Some of them are fusiform; others, more or less elon- gated, resemble Serpents, the Anguis particularly, to which they are related by several internal affinities, and which they connect with the family of thelguanida, by an uninterrupted suite of transitions. Their tongue is fleshy, but slightly extensible and emarginate; the jaws every where furnished with small, closely set teeth. In the anus, eye, ear, 8cc,, they bear a greater or less resemblance to the Iguanae and Lizards; the feet are furnished with free and unguiculated toes. Certain species have palatine teeth, and an emargination on the anterior edge of the tympanum. Among this number, on account of its trenchant and some- what raised muzzle,(2) we should distinguish the Seine, officinalis, Schn.; Lac. scincus, Lin.; El Adda of the Arabs; Le scinque des pharmacies, Lacep. I, xxiii; Bruce, Abyss. pi. 39; Egypt, Rep. Suppl. pi. 2, f. 8. Six or eight inches long; the tail shorter than the body; the latter of a silvery yellow; transverse blackish bands; inhabits Nubia, Abyssinia, and Ara- (1) I do not know the Cham, dilepis. Leach, or bilobus, Kuhl. (2) This species alone composes the genus Scincus of Fitzinger, the others constitute his genus Mabocia. SAURIA. 47 bia, whence it is sent to Alexandria, and from there distributed throughout Europe. It possesses a surprising facility of burying itself in the sand when pursued.(l) Among those which have blunt muzzles we may observe a spe- cies diffused throughout Indiaj the Sc. rufescens, which is green- ish, with a yellowish line along the flanksj each scale has three small ridges. There is one from the south of Africa, very common in the vicinity of the Cape; the Sc. trivittatiis, brown; three paler lines along the back and tail; black spots between the lines.(2) But above all we should remark the great Levant species, Sc. cyprius, C\xv.;Lac. cyprius sincoides, Aldrov., Quadr.,Dig. 666; Geoff. Eg. Rept. pi. iii, f. 3, under the name of Anolis gi- gantesqiie, which is greenish, with smooth scales; the tail longer than the body, and a pale line along each flank. In others, the TiLiquA of Gray, the palatine teeth are wanting. There is one of these very common in the south of Europe, Sardinia, Sicily, and Egypt; Sc.variegatas^ Sc. ocellatus, Schn.; Daud., IV, Ivi; Geoff. Eg. Rept. pi. v, f. 1, under the name of £nolis marbr6; and better, Savigny,Ib., Supp. pi. ii, f. 7, which has small, round black spots, each marked with a white streak on the back, flanks, and tail. There is most commonly a pale line along each side of the back. The French Antilles produce several species, one of which is (1) The Greeks and Latins called the Terrestrial Crocodile, Scincus; it was con- sequently a Monitor to which they attributed so many virtues; but since the mid- dle century, the above species is usually sold under this name, and for the same purposes. Eastern nations, in particular, consider it as a powerful aphrodisiac. (2) Add Sc. erythrocephalus, Gilliams, Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. I, xviii [or the Scorpion Lizard, Penn. .Am. Ed.]; — Sc. hicolor, Harlan, lb. IV, xviii, 1; — Sc. multiseria- tiis. Nob. ; Geoff. Eg. Rep. IV, f. 4, under the name of Anolis pavd — We also think it proper to refer to this subdivision, although we have not been able to procure the animal, the great Scincus, called in Jamaica the Galley-Wasp; Sloane, II, pi. 273, f. 9 {Lac. occidua, Sh.). [N.I5. A new species of Scincus has lately been described by Messrs Peale and Green, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philatl. Vol. VI, f. 233, under the specific appellation o( ventralis. It is about fifteen inches in Icngtli, and is thus designated, " Scincus vcntralis. — Cauda longa: corpore supra olivacea, cum maculis nigris, subtus albeo: squamis dorsalibus carinatis et imbricatis; pHca maculata in utroque latere corpo- ris: palmis et plantes pentadactylis." Though thedescribers of this species prefer considering it a Scincus, they think it might very properly constitute a new genus under the name of Pteuogastehus. It inhabits Mexico, and is culled Escorpion by the natives of that country, who consider it extremely venomous- Jlrn. Ed. ] 48 REPTILIA. improperly called there the Anolis de terre, and Mabouia; La- cep. pi. xxivj it is smoothj of a greenish brown, and has black- ish points scattered along the back; a brown band imperfectly terminated, reaching from the temple over the shoulder, and beyond it.(l) The Moluccas and New Holland produce some species of this division, which are remarkable for their thickness.(2) Seps, Daud.(3) Seps only differs from Scincus in the more elongated body, which is exactly similar to that of an Anguis, and in the still smaller feet, the two pairs of which are further apart. Their lungs begin to exhibit some inequality. There is one species, ^S". sdncoides^ Nob., with five toes, of which the posterior are unequal. One with five nearly equal and short toes, Anguis guadrupes, L.; Lacerta serpens, Gm.; Block, Soc. of Nat. of Berl. vol. II, pi. 2.(4) From the East Indies. One with four toes, the posterior of which are unequal; (Te- tradadylus decresiensis, Per.;(5) and one with three, very simi- lar otherwise to the preceding, the Tridactylus decresiensis, Per. Both are from the island of Cres, and are viviparous. A fifth, with three short toes, and very small feet, called in Italy Cecelia or Cicigna, — Lac. chalcides, L., is grey, with four longi- tudinal brown stripes, two each side of the back. It is vivipa- (1) The fig-, of Lacep. is exact, the tail excepted, which is too short, it having been broken in the original, an accident which frequently occurs to all Lizards. — Add the Sc. a flancs noirs, Quoy and Gaym. Voy. de Freyc. pi. 42; — Sc. bistri- atus, Spix, XXVI, 1. (2) Lac. scincoides. White, 242; — Sc. nigroluteus, Quoy et Gaym. Freyc, 41; — Sc. crotaphomelas, Per. and Lacep. 8cc. N.B. I have given but few species of Scincus, because they are so badly characterized by authors, that it is almost im- possible to indicate their synonymes with any certainty. There is no genus which stands more in need of a monograph than this. (3) Seps and Chalets were the ancient names of an animal which some consider as a Lizard, and others a Serpent. It is very probable that they designated the three-toed Seps of Greece and Italy. Seps is derived from (nfantv, to corrupt. (4) It forms the genus Ltgosoma of Gray; Fitzinger leaves it among his Mabuia, or Scinci without palatine teeth. (5) It is to this species that Fitzinger appropriates the generic name of Seps-^. be calls it Seps Perwui. SAURIA. 49 rous also, and moves with rapidity without the aid of its feet; lives in meadows, and feeds on spiders, snails, &c.(l) The southern provinces of France produce a sixth very simi- lar to the preceding, but with eight or nine brown stripes placed at equal distances apart, — Zygnis striata, Fitz. We might separate from the rest a species whose carinated and pointed scales are nearly verticillate;(2) Lac. anguina, L. Lac. monodactyla, Lacep., Ann. Mas. II, lix, 2, and Vosmaer, Monog. 1774, f. 1, under the name of Serpent-Lizard. Its feet are merely small undivided spurs. — Inhabits the environs of the Cape of Good Hope. BiPES, Lacep. A small genus, only differing from Seps in the entire absence of fore feet, having the scapulae and clavicles concealed beneath the skin, the hind feet alone being visible. There is but a step from it to Jinguis. Some of them have a series of pores before the anus. (3) I dissected one of them brought from New-Holland by the late M. Peron, the Bipkle lepidopode, Lacep., An. du Mus. tom. IV, pi. Iv, which has carinated scales on the back, and a tail twice the length of the body. (4) Of its feet, nothing is exter- nally visible but two small oblong and scaly plates; but by dis- section we find a femur, a tibia, a fibula, and four metatarsal bones forming toes, but without phalanges. One of its lungs is half the size of the other. It lives in the mud. This series of pores is wanting in others. A small species, described a long time ago, is found at the Cape, Unguis 6ipes, L.; Lacerta bipes, Gm.; Seb. I, Ixxxvi, 3, each of whose feet is terminated by two unequal toes. (5) (1) Merrem, on the contrary, had made his genus Seps from this single species. Fitzinger now calls it Ztgmis, in imitation of Oken, and adds to it the Tridadylus dea-esiensis of Per. which is much more nearly allied to the Tetradactylus of the same island. (2) It is the genus Moxodacttitts, Merr., or Ciiamjesauha, Fitz. (3) They form the genus Ptgopcs, Merr. (4) The fig. of Lacep. is drawn from an individual the tail of which had been broken off and reproduced; we are very liable, generally speaking, to be mistaken in the proportionate length of the tail in all this class. (5) It is the genus Bipes, Merr. or Scelotes, Fitz. The Seps gronovien, or monodadyle of Daudin, of which Merrem has made his genus Ptgodacttlus, was merely a badly preserved specimen of the same, so that this genus must be stricken out as Merrem anticipated. The Seps sexlineata, Harl. &c. Nat. Sc. Phil. IV, pi. xviii, f. 2, is a mere varietv of it. Vol. II.— G 50 REPTILIA. Brazil produces another, Pygopiis cariococca, Spix, xxviii, 2, larger, with undivided feet like those of the lepidopode, Lacep., but more pointed, and with entirely smooth scales. It is green- ish, with four longitudinal blackish lines.(l) Chalcides, Daud. Elongated Lizards resembling Serpents; but the scales, instead of being arranged like tiles, are rectangular, forming transverse bands, which do not encroach on each other like those on the tails of ordinary lizards. Some of them have a furrow on each side of the trunk, and a still apparent tympanum. They are allied to Cordylus just as Seps is connected with Scincus, and lead in many points to Pseudopus and Ophisaurus. A five-toed species is known. Lac. seps, L. which inhabits the East Indies. Another with four toes, Lac. ietradactyla, Lacep. Ann. du Mus. II, lix, 2.(2) In others the tympanum is concealed, leading directly to Chi- rotes, and thence to the Amphisbaense. There is one species with five toes.(3) A second in Brazil with four anterior and five posterior, the Heterodactylus imbricatus, Spix, xxvii, 1. A third with four to each foot. (4) A fifth, whose toes, to the number of five before and three behind, are reduced to such small tubercles, that it has at one time been considered as having three, and at another but one. (5) From Guiana. Chirotes, Cuv. Similar to Chalcides in their verticillate scales, and still more so to the Amphisbaenae in the obtuse form of their head; but distin- guished from the former by the absence of hind feet, and from the (1) The Fyg.striatus, Spix, XXVIII, 1, appears to me to be the young of the same species. (2) It is the g^nus Tetradacttlus of Merr. or Saurophis of Fitzinger. (3) This species forms the genus Chalcides of Fitzinger. (4) The genus Brachtpus, Fitz. (5) In the first case it is the Chalcide, Lacep. pi. xxxii, the Chamsesaura cophias, Schn., the genus Cualcis, Merr. and the genus Cophias, Fitz.; in the second it is the Chalcide monodadyle, Daud. or the genus Colobus, Merr. ; but all these genera are reducible to one single species. SAURIA. 51 latter by the presence of the anterior feet. One species only is known. Chamsesaura propus, Schn.; Lac. lumbrico'ides, Shaw; Bipede cannele, Lacep. I, xli. Two short feet, four toes to each, with a vestige of a fifth, their internal organization tolerably perfect, connected by scapulae, clavicles and a small sternumj but the head, vertebrae, and in fact the whole remainder of the skeleton resembling that of the Amphisbsense. It is from eight to ten inches long, and about the thickness of the little finger j flesh coloured j the back invested by about two hundred and twenty half rings; there are as many on the belly, which meet alternately on the side. It is found in Mexi- co, where it feeds on insects. Its slightly extensible tongue ter- minates in two small horny points; eye very small; tympanum covered by the skin, and invisible externally; two series of pores before the anus. I found but one large lung, and a vestige of a smaller one, as in most Serpents.(l) (1) The genera which teraiinate this order of Saurians interpose themselves in so many various ways between the ordinar}' Saurians and the g-enera placed at the head of the Ophidians, that several naturalists now think it improper to sepa- rate the two orders; or tliey estabhsh one, comprizing, on the one hand, the Sau- rians minus the Crocodiles, — and the Ophidians of the Anguis family on the other. But among the fossils of the ancient calcareous formations, we find two much more extraordinary genera, which, to the head and trunk of a Saurian, add feet attached to short limbs, and formed of a multitude of little articulations collected into a species of oar or fin, similar to the fins or fore feet of the Cetacea. One of these genera, Icthtosaurus, had a thick head attached to a short neck, enormous eyes, moderate tail, an elongated muzzle armed with conical teeth fastened in a groove. Different species, some of them very large, have been dis- interred in England, France and Germany. The other, Plesiosauhus, had a small head attached to a long serpentlike neck, composed of a greater number of cervical vertebrae than is found in any other animal known; its tail was short; some of its remains have also been found on the continent. These two genera, for the possession of which we are chiefly indebted to the exertions of M. Home, Conybeare, Buckland, &c. inhabited the sea. They form a very distinct family, but what is known of their osteology approximates them much more closely to the common Saurians than to the Crocodiles, with which Fitzinger has associated them in his family of theLoRiCATA; and so much the more gratuitously, as neither their scales nor their tongue, the two characteristic parts of the Loricata, are known. 52. KEPTILiA. ORDER III. 0PHIDIA.(1) Serpents are reptiles without feet, and consequently those which best merit that appellation. Their extremely elongated body moves by means of the folds it forms when in contact with the ground. They are divided into three families. FAMILY I. AXGUINA.(2) The Angues still have an osseous head, teeth, and tongue, similar to those of a Seps; their eye is furnished with three lids, <5cc., and, in fact, if we may so express it, they are Sepes without feet : they arc all comprised in the genus Akguis, Lin. Characterized externally by imbricated scales, with which they are completely enveloped. They have been separated into four subge- neraj in the three first we still find beneath the skin the bones of the shoulder and pelvis. PsEUDOPUs, Merr. The tympanum visible externally, and on each side of the anus a small prominence(3) which contains a little bone analogous to the femur, connected with a true pelvis concealed under the skin. The anterior extremity hardly shows itself externally, its only mark be- ing a fold not easily detected; it has no internal humerus. One of its lungs is a fourth less than the other. The scales are square, thick, and semi-imbricate, some of which, between those on the back and those on the belly, being smaller, occasion a longitudinal furrow on each side. (1) 0